# Which Problems Are Solved
In Zitadel's append-only event-sourced architecture, the
`eventstore.events2` table grows indefinitely. PostgreSQL's default
autovacuum uses a percentage-based scale factor, so as the table grows,
the number of changed rows required to trigger a `VACUUM` or `ANALYZE`
drifts towards infinity. Without regular vacuums, the table's Visibility
Map becomes stale, disabling fast Index-Only Scans and forcing expensive
heap reads. Without regular analyzes, query planner statistics become
stale, leading to suboptimal execution plans.
This causes eventstore operations to progressively degrade as `events2`
grows, even without CPU, memory, or I/O saturation. A manual `VACUUM
ANALYZE` immediately restores performance, confirming the root cause.
- If `Eventstore.Autovacuum` is left at its default, `events2` keeps
using PostgreSQL's default, percentage-based autovacuum/autoanalyze
scale factors, which become impractically infrequent on large tables.
- There was previously no supported way to apply static, table-level
autovacuum tuning to `events2` through Zitadel's own configuration/setup
process.
# How the Problems Are Solved
- Added an `Eventstore.Autovacuum` runtime configuration block to
`cmd/defaults.yaml` (disabled by default):
```yaml
Eventstore:
Autovacuum:
Enabled: false # ZITADEL_EVENTSTORE_AUTOVACUUM_ENABLED
VacuumThreshold: 50000 # ZITADEL_EVENTSTORE_AUTOVACUUM_VACUUMTHRESHOLD
AnalyzeThreshold: 50000 # ZITADEL_EVENTSTORE_AUTOVACUUM_ANALYZETHRESHOLD
```
- Added a repeatable `zitadel setup` migration step
(`cmd/setup/eventstore_autovacuum.go`) that:
- When `Enabled: true`, disables the percentage-based
`autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor`, `autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor`, and
`autovacuum_vacuum_insert_scale_factor` on `eventstore.events2`, and
applies static thresholds (`autovacuum_vacuum_insert_threshold`,
`autovacuum_vacuum_threshold`, `autovacuum_analyze_threshold`) from the
config instead.
- When `Enabled: false`, resets those storage parameters on
`eventstore.events2` back to the cluster defaults.
- Implements `Repeatable.Check()` so the step only re-runs when the
configuration actually changed since the last `zitadel setup` run.
- Added documentation in the new "Performance tuning" page.
# Additional Changes
- Move the projection documentation into performance tuning page
- Expand and update the projection documentation to the latest state in
zitadel. (contained some stale information)
# Additional Context
Several other issues describe read-performance symptoms consistent with
this same root cause (stale `events2` visibility map / planner
statistics at scale, without resource saturation). Since this PR
addresses the shared root cause:
- Closes#12448
- Closes#10754
- Closes#10260
- Closes#8585
- Closes#9239
---
_Generated by [Claude
Code](https://claude.ai/code/session_01HoKvEY7niCVgLCz7CajBwW)_
---------
Co-authored-by: Claude <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Copilot Autofix powered by AI <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Silvan <[email protected]>
# Which Problems Are Solved
The event execution system currently uses a projection handler that
subscribes to and processes all events for all instances. This creates a
high static cost because the system over-fetches event data, handling
many events that are not needed by most instances. This inefficiency is
also reflected in high "rows returned" metrics in the database.
# How the Problems Are Solved
Eliminate the use of a project handler. Instead, events for which
"execution targets" are defined, are directly pushed to the queue by the
eventstore. A Router is populated in the Instance object in the authz
middleware.
- By joining the execution targets to the instance, no additional
queries are needed anymore.
- As part of the instance object, execution targets are now cached as
well.
- Events are queued within the same transaction, giving transactional
guarantees on delivery.
- Uses the "insert many fast` variant of River. Multiple jobs are queued
in a single round-trip to the database.
- Fix compatibility with PostgreSQL 15
# Additional Changes
- The signing key was stored as plain-text in the river job payload in
the DB. This violated our [Secrets
Storage](https://zitadel.com/docs/concepts/architecture/secrets#secrets-storage)
principle. This change removed the field and only uses the encrypted
version of the signing key.
- Fixed the target ordering from descending to ascending.
- Some minor linter warnings on the use of `io.WriteString()`.
# Additional Context
- Introduced in https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/pull/9249
- Closes https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/10553
- Closes https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/9832
- Closes https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/10372
- Closes https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/10492
---------
Co-authored-by: Stefan Benz <[email protected]>
# Which Problems Are Solved
To improve performance a new table and method is implemented on
eventstore. The goal of this table is to index searchable fields on
command side to use it on command and query side.
The table allows to store one primitive value (numeric, text) per row.
The eventstore framework is extended by the `Search`-method which allows
to search for objects.
The `Command`-interface is extended by the `SearchOperations()`-method
which does manipulate the the `search`-table.
# How the Problems Are Solved
This PR adds the capability of improving performance for command and
query side by using the `Search`-method of the eventstore instead of
using one of the `Filter`-methods.
# Open Tasks
- [x] Add feature flag
- [x] Unit tests
- [ ] ~~Benchmarks if needed~~
- [x] Ensure no behavior change
- [x] Add setup step to fill table with current data
- [x] Add projection which ensures data added between setup and start of
the new version are also added to the table
# Additional Changes
The `Search`-method is currently used by `ProjectGrant`-command side.
# Additional Context
- Closes https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/issues/8094
This implementation increases parallel write capabilities of the eventstore.
Please have a look at the technical advisories: [05](https://zitadel.com/docs/support/advisory/a10005) and [06](https://zitadel.com/docs/support/advisory/a10006).
The implementation of eventstore.push is rewritten and stored events are migrated to a new table `eventstore.events2`.
If you are using cockroach: make sure that the database user of ZITADEL has `VIEWACTIVITY` grant. This is used to query events.
* fix: adaot config to commands (and queries)
* remove dependency on vv2 in v1
* add queries user to operator
* set password for queries on tests
* set password for queries on tests
* fix config
SilvanandGitHub
FabiandGitHub
