feat: add login names to relational users (#11667)

Introduce a new SQL migration that creates the `login_names` table and
associated triggers/functions for managing login names based on domain
policies and user updates. Manual tests confirm the functionality works
as intended.

backend/v3/domain/mock/human_user.mock.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 	domain "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/domain"
 	database "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	crypto "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/crypto"
 	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 	language "golang.org/x/text/language"
 )
@@ -82,48 +83,6 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddIdentityProviderLinkCall) DoAndReturn(f func(
 	return c
 }
 
-// AddMetadata mocks base method.
-func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) AddMetadata(metadata ...*domain.Metadata) database.Change {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	varargs := []any{}
-	for _, a := range metadata {
-		varargs = append(varargs, a)
-	}
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "AddMetadata", varargs...)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// AddMetadata indicates an expected call of AddMetadata.
-func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) AddMetadata(metadata ...any) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "AddMetadata", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).AddMetadata), metadata...)
-	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall{Call: call}
-}
-
-// MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall wrap *gomock.Call
-type MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall struct {
-	*gomock.Call
-}
-
-// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
-func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
-	return c
-}
-
-// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
-func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) Do(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
-	return c
-}
-
-// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
-func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
-	return c
-}
-
 // AddPasskey mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) AddPasskey(passkey *domain.Passkey) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -162,6 +121,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddPasskeyCall) DoAndReturn(f func(*domain.Passk
 	return c
 }
 
+// AddRecoveryCodes mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) AddRecoveryCodes(codes []string) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "AddRecoveryCodes", codes)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// AddRecoveryCodes indicates an expected call of AddRecoveryCodes.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) AddRecoveryCodes(codes any) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "AddRecoveryCodes", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).AddRecoveryCodes), codes)
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall) Do(f func([]string) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall) DoAndReturn(f func([]string) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryAddRecoveryCodesCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // CreatedAtColumn mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) CreatedAtColumn() database.Column {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -960,6 +957,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementPasswordFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn
 	return c
 }
 
+// IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts() database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts indicates an expected call of IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts() *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).IncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts))
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall) Do(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // IncrementSMSOTPFailedAttempts mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) IncrementSMSOTPFailedAttempts() database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -998,6 +1033,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementSMSOTPFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f
 	return c
 }
 
+// IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts() database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts indicates an expected call of IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts() *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).IncrementTOTPFailedAttempts))
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall) Do(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryIncrementTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // InstanceIDColumn mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) InstanceIDColumn() database.Column {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -1530,6 +1603,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryPrimaryKeyConditionCall) DoAndReturn(f func(stri
 	return c
 }
 
+// RemoveAllRecoveryCodes mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) RemoveAllRecoveryCodes() database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "RemoveAllRecoveryCodes")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// RemoveAllRecoveryCodes indicates an expected call of RemoveAllRecoveryCodes.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) RemoveAllRecoveryCodes() *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "RemoveAllRecoveryCodes", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).RemoveAllRecoveryCodes))
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall) Do(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall) DoAndReturn(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveAllRecoveryCodesCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // RemoveIdentityProviderLink mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) RemoveIdentityProviderLink(providerID, providedUserID string) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -1682,6 +1793,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemovePhoneCall) DoAndReturn(f func() database.C
 	return c
 }
 
+// RemoveRecoveryCode mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) RemoveRecoveryCode(code string) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "RemoveRecoveryCode", code)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// RemoveRecoveryCode indicates an expected call of RemoveRecoveryCode.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) RemoveRecoveryCode(code any) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "RemoveRecoveryCode", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).RemoveRecoveryCode), code)
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall) Do(f func(string) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall) DoAndReturn(f func(string) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryRemoveRecoveryCodeCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // RemoveTOTP mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) RemoveTOTP() database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -1796,6 +1945,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetPasswordFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f f
 	return c
 }
 
+// ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts() database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts indicates an expected call of ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts() *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).ResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttempts))
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall) Do(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetRecoveryCodeFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // ResetSMSOTPFailedAttempts mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) ResetSMSOTPFailedAttempts() database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -1834,6 +2021,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetSMSOTPFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f fun
 	return c
 }
 
+// ResetTOTPFailedAttempts mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) ResetTOTPFailedAttempts() database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "ResetTOTPFailedAttempts")
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// ResetTOTPFailedAttempts indicates an expected call of ResetTOTPFailedAttempts.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) ResetTOTPFailedAttempts() *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "ResetTOTPFailedAttempts", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).ResetTOTPFailedAttempts))
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall) Do(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall) DoAndReturn(f func() database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositoryResetTOTPFailedAttemptsCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // SetAvatarKey mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetAvatarKey(avatarKey *string) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -2138,6 +2363,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetIdentityProviderLinkUsernameCall) DoAndReturn
 	return c
 }
 
+// SetInviteVerification mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetInviteVerification(verification domain.VerificationType) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetInviteVerification", verification)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SetInviteVerification indicates an expected call of SetInviteVerification.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) SetInviteVerification(verification any) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetInviteVerification", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).SetInviteVerification), verification)
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall) Do(f func(domain.VerificationType) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall) DoAndReturn(f func(domain.VerificationType) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetInviteVerificationCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // SetLastName mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetLastName(lastName string) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -2252,6 +2515,44 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulPasswordCheckCall) DoAndReturn(
 	return c
 }
 
+// SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck(checkedAt time.Time) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck", checkedAt)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck indicates an expected call of SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck(checkedAt any) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).SetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheck), checkedAt)
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall) Do(f func(time.Time) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall) DoAndReturn(f func(time.Time) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulRecoveryCodeCheckCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // SetLastSuccessfulSMSOTPCheck mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetLastSuccessfulSMSOTPCheck(checkedAt time.Time) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -2328,6 +2629,48 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetLastSuccessfulTOTPCheckCall) DoAndReturn(f fu
 	return c
 }
 
+// SetMetadata mocks base method.
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetMetadata(metadata ...*domain.Metadata) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{}
+	for _, a := range metadata {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetMetadata", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SetMetadata indicates an expected call of SetMetadata.
+func (mr *MockHumanUserRepositoryMockRecorder) SetMetadata(metadata ...any) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetMetadata", reflect.TypeOf((*MockHumanUserRepository)(nil).SetMetadata), metadata...)
+	return &MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) Do(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // SetNickname mocks base method.
 func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetNickname(nickname string) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -2937,7 +3280,7 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetStateCall) DoAndReturn(f func(domain.UserStat
 }
 
 // SetTOTPSecret mocks base method.
-func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetTOTPSecret(secret []byte) database.Change {
+func (m *MockHumanUserRepository) SetTOTPSecret(secret *crypto.CryptoValue) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetTOTPSecret", secret)
 	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
@@ -2963,13 +3306,13 @@ func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall) Return(arg0 database.Change)
 }
 
 // Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
-func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall) Do(f func([]byte) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall {
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall) Do(f func(*crypto.CryptoValue) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall {
 	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
 	return c
 }
 
 // DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
-func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall) DoAndReturn(f func([]byte) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall {
+func (c *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall) DoAndReturn(f func(*crypto.CryptoValue) database.Change) *MockHumanUserRepositorySetTOTPSecretCall {
 	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
 	return c
 }

backend/v3/domain/mock/machine_user.mock.go

@@ -81,48 +81,6 @@ func (c *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddKeyCall) DoAndReturn(f func(*domain.Machine
 	return c
 }
 
-// AddMetadata mocks base method.
-func (m *MockMachineUserRepository) AddMetadata(metadata ...*domain.Metadata) database.Change {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	varargs := []any{}
-	for _, a := range metadata {
-		varargs = append(varargs, a)
-	}
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "AddMetadata", varargs...)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// AddMetadata indicates an expected call of AddMetadata.
-func (mr *MockMachineUserRepositoryMockRecorder) AddMetadata(metadata ...any) *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "AddMetadata", reflect.TypeOf((*MockMachineUserRepository)(nil).AddMetadata), metadata...)
-	return &MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall{Call: call}
-}
-
-// MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall wrap *gomock.Call
-type MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall struct {
-	*gomock.Call
-}
-
-// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
-func (c *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
-	return c
-}
-
-// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
-func (c *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) Do(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
-	return c
-}
-
-// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
-func (c *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockMachineUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
-	return c
-}
-
 // AddPersonalAccessToken mocks base method.
 func (m *MockMachineUserRepository) AddPersonalAccessToken(pat *domain.PersonalAccessToken) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -769,6 +727,48 @@ func (c *MockMachineUserRepositorySetDescriptionCall) DoAndReturn(f func(string)
 	return c
 }
 
+// SetMetadata mocks base method.
+func (m *MockMachineUserRepository) SetMetadata(metadata ...*domain.Metadata) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{}
+	for _, a := range metadata {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetMetadata", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SetMetadata indicates an expected call of SetMetadata.
+func (mr *MockMachineUserRepositoryMockRecorder) SetMetadata(metadata ...any) *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetMetadata", reflect.TypeOf((*MockMachineUserRepository)(nil).SetMetadata), metadata...)
+	return &MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) Do(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockMachineUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // SetName mocks base method.
 func (m *MockMachineUserRepository) SetName(name string) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()

backend/v3/domain/mock/user.mock.go

@@ -43,48 +43,6 @@ func (m *MockUserRepository) EXPECT() *MockUserRepositoryMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }
 
-// AddMetadata mocks base method.
-func (m *MockUserRepository) AddMetadata(metadata ...*domain.Metadata) database.Change {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	varargs := []any{}
-	for _, a := range metadata {
-		varargs = append(varargs, a)
-	}
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "AddMetadata", varargs...)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// AddMetadata indicates an expected call of AddMetadata.
-func (mr *MockUserRepositoryMockRecorder) AddMetadata(metadata ...any) *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "AddMetadata", reflect.TypeOf((*MockUserRepository)(nil).AddMetadata), metadata...)
-	return &MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall{Call: call}
-}
-
-// MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall wrap *gomock.Call
-type MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall struct {
-	*gomock.Call
-}
-
-// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
-func (c *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
-	return c
-}
-
-// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
-func (c *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) Do(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
-	return c
-}
-
-// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
-func (c *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockUserRepositoryAddMetadataCall {
-	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
-	return c
-}
-
 // Create mocks base method.
 func (m *MockUserRepository) Create(ctx context.Context, client database.QueryExecutor, user *domain.User) error {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -782,6 +740,48 @@ func (c *MockUserRepositoryRemoveMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(database.Condi
 	return c
 }
 
+// SetMetadata mocks base method.
+func (m *MockUserRepository) SetMetadata(metadata ...*domain.Metadata) database.Change {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	varargs := []any{}
+	for _, a := range metadata {
+		varargs = append(varargs, a)
+	}
+	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "SetMetadata", varargs...)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(database.Change)
+	return ret0
+}
+
+// SetMetadata indicates an expected call of SetMetadata.
+func (mr *MockUserRepositoryMockRecorder) SetMetadata(metadata ...any) *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	call := mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "SetMetadata", reflect.TypeOf((*MockUserRepository)(nil).SetMetadata), metadata...)
+	return &MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall{Call: call}
+}
+
+// MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall wrap *gomock.Call
+type MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall struct {
+	*gomock.Call
+}
+
+// Return rewrite *gomock.Call.Return
+func (c *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) Return(arg0 database.Change) *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Return(arg0)
+	return c
+}
+
+// Do rewrite *gomock.Call.Do
+func (c *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) Do(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.Do(f)
+	return c
+}
+
+// DoAndReturn rewrite *gomock.Call.DoAndReturn
+func (c *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall) DoAndReturn(f func(...*domain.Metadata) database.Change) *MockUserRepositorySetMetadataCall {
+	c.Call = c.Call.DoAndReturn(f)
+	return c
+}
+
 // SetState mocks base method.
 func (m *MockUserRepository) SetState(state domain.UserState) database.Change {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()

backend/v3/domain/user.go

@@ -9,19 +9,25 @@ import (
 )
 
 type User struct {
-	InstanceID     string    `json:"instanceId,omitempty" db:"instance_id"`
-	OrganizationID string    `json:"organizationId,omitempty" db:"organization_id"`
-	ID             string    `json:"id,omitempty" db:"id"`
-	Username       string    `json:"username,omitempty" db:"username"`
-	State          UserState `json:"state,omitempty" db:"state"`
-	CreatedAt      time.Time `json:"createdAt,omitzero" db:"created_at"`
-	UpdatedAt      time.Time `json:"updatedAt,omitzero" db:"updated_at"`
+	InstanceID     string      `json:"instanceId,omitempty" db:"instance_id"`
+	OrganizationID string      `json:"organizationId,omitempty" db:"organization_id"`
+	ID             string      `json:"id,omitempty" db:"id"`
+	Username       string      `json:"username,omitempty" db:"username"`
+	LoginNames     []LoginName `json:"loginNames,omitempty" db:"login_names"`
+	State          UserState   `json:"state,omitempty" db:"state"`
+	CreatedAt      time.Time   `json:"createdAt,omitzero" db:"created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt      time.Time   `json:"updatedAt,omitzero" db:"updated_at"`
 
 	Machine  *MachineUser `json:"machine,omitempty" db:"-"`
 	Human    *HumanUser   `json:"human,omitempty" db:"-"`
 	Metadata []*Metadata  `json:"metadata,omitempty" db:"metadata"`
 }
 
+type LoginName struct {
+	LoginName   string `json:"loginName,omitempty" db:"-"`
+	IsPreferred bool   `json:"isPreferred,omitempty" db:"-"`
+}
+
 type MachineUser struct {
 	Name            string          `json:"name,omitempty" db:"-"`
 	Description     string          `json:"description,omitempty" db:"-"`

backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/migration/015_login_names.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package migration
+
+import (
+	_ "embed"
+)
+
+var (
+	//go:embed 015_login_names/up.sql
+	up015LoginNames string
+	//go:embed 015_login_names/down.sql
+	down015LoginNames string
+)
+
+func init() {
+	registerSQLMigration(15, up015LoginNames, down015LoginNames)
+}

backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/migration/015_login_names/down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS zitadel.login_names CASCADE;
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS zitadel.apply_domain_policy_manipulation_to_login_names();
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS zitadel.apply_user_insert_to_login_names();
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS zitadel.apply_user_update_to_login_names();
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS zitadel.apply_domain_manipulation_to_login_names();

backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/migration/015_login_names/up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+CREATE TABLE zitadel.login_names(
+	instance_id TEXT NOT NULL
+    , organization_id TEXT -- is set if the setting for loginNameIncludesDomain is set on organization level, otherwise null
+	, user_id TEXT NOT NULL
+	
+    , username TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (username <> '')
+    , domain TEXT
+    , login_name TEXT GENERATED ALWAYS AS (CASE WHEN domain IS NOT NULL THEN username || '@' || domain ELSE username END) STORED
+	, is_preferred BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE
+
+    , used_setting TEXT NOT NULL
+
+	, PRIMARY KEY (instance_id, user_id, login_name)
+	, FOREIGN KEY (instance_id, user_id) REFERENCES zitadel.users(instance_id, id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+    , FOREIGN KEY (instance_id, organization_id, domain) REFERENCES zitadel.org_domains(instance_id, org_id, domain) ON DELETE CASCADE
+);
+
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_login_names_instance_login_name ON zitadel.login_names(instance_id, lower(login_name));
+CREATE INDEX idx_login_names_instance_user ON zitadel.login_names(instance_id, user_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_login_names_setting ON zitadel.login_names(instance_id, used_setting);
+CREATE INDEX idx_login_names_domain ON zitadel.login_names(instance_id, domain); -- used for cleanup of login names when a domain is deleted
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_domain_manipulation_to_login_names() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+DECLARE
+    setting zitadel.settings%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    IF (NOT NEW.is_verified) THEN
+        IF TG_OP = 'UPDATE' AND OLD.is_verified THEN
+            -- this case can currently not happen but is added for completeness and future-proofing.
+            RAISE NOTICE 'Domain changed from verified to unverified, removing associated login names';
+            DELETE FROM zitadel.login_names
+            WHERE
+                login_names.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+                AND login_names.organization_id = NEW.org_id
+                AND login_names.domain = NEW.domain;
+        ELSE
+            RAISE NOTICE 'Domain is not verified, skipping login name manipulation';
+        END IF;
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    SELECT settings.*
+    INTO setting
+    FROM zitadel.settings
+    WHERE
+        settings.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+        AND settings.type = 'domain'
+        AND (settings.organization_id IS NULL OR settings.organization_id = NEW.org_id)
+    ORDER BY settings.organization_id NULLS LAST
+    LIMIT 1;
+
+    IF NOT (setting.settings->'loginNameIncludesDomain')::BOOLEAN THEN
+        RAISE NOTICE 'skip adding domain because loginNameIncludesDomain is false for setting';
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    -- Lock based on the setting scope (organization-specific or instance-level/global).
+    -- The lock is released at transaction end.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(
+        hashtext('zitadel.login_names')
+        , hashtext(setting.instance_id || ':' || COALESCE(setting.organization_id, 'global'))
+    );
+
+    IF NEW.is_primary IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.is_primary THEN
+        RAISE NOTICE 'primary domain changed, updating preferred login name';
+        UPDATE zitadel.login_names
+        SET is_preferred = NEW.is_primary
+        WHERE
+            login_names.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+            AND login_names.domain = NEW.domain;
+    END IF;
+
+    IF NEW.domain IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.domain THEN
+        RAISE NOTICE 'domain changed, updating login names';
+        UPDATE zitadel.login_names
+        SET domain = NEW.domain
+        WHERE
+            login_names.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+            AND login_names.organization_id = NEW.org_id
+            AND login_names.domain = OLD.domain;
+    END IF;
+
+    IF NEW.is_verified IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.is_verified THEN
+        RAISE NOTICE 'Domain verification changed, inserting login names for verified domain';
+        INSERT INTO zitadel.login_names(instance_id, organization_id, user_id, username, domain, is_preferred, used_setting)
+        SELECT
+            NEW.instance_id
+            , NEW.org_id
+            , users.id
+            , users.username
+            , NEW.domain
+            , NEW.is_primary
+            , setting.id
+        FROM
+            zitadel.users
+        WHERE
+            users.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+            AND users.organization_id = NEW.org_id;
+    END IF;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_apply_domain_manipulation_to_login_names
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON zitadel.org_domains
+FOR EACH ROW
+EXECUTE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_domain_manipulation_to_login_names();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_user_update_to_login_names() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    -- Lock global scope and organization scope to serialize with instance-level
+    -- and org-level setting/domain manipulations.
+    -- The lock is released at transaction end.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('zitadel.login_names'), hashtext(NEW.instance_id || ':global'));
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('zitadel.login_names'), hashtext(NEW.instance_id || ':' || NEW.organization_id));
+
+    UPDATE
+        zitadel.login_names
+    SET
+        username = NEW.username
+    WHERE
+        login_names.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+        AND login_names.user_id = NEW.id;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_apply_user_update_to_login_names
+AFTER UPDATE ON zitadel.users
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.username IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.username)
+EXECUTE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_user_update_to_login_names();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_user_insert_to_login_names() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+DECLARE
+    setting zitadel.settings%ROWTYPE;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT settings.*
+    INTO setting
+    FROM
+        zitadel.settings
+    WHERE
+        settings.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+        AND settings.type = 'domain'
+        AND (
+            settings.organization_id IS NULL
+            OR settings.organization_id = NEW.organization_id
+        )
+    ORDER BY settings.organization_id NULLS LAST
+    LIMIT 1;
+
+    -- Lock based on the setting scope (organization-specific or instance-level/global).
+    -- The lock is released at transaction end.
+    PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(
+        hashtext('zitadel.login_names')
+        , hashtext(setting.instance_id || ':' || COALESCE(setting.organization_id, 'global'))
+    );
+
+    IF NOT (setting.settings->'loginNameIncludesDomain')::BOOLEAN THEN
+        RAISE NOTICE 'inserting username as login name';
+        INSERT INTO zitadel.login_names(instance_id, organization_id, user_id, username, is_preferred, used_setting)
+        VALUES (NEW.instance_id, NEW.organization_id, NEW.id, NEW.username, TRUE, setting.id);
+        
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'inserting login names';
+    INSERT INTO zitadel.login_names(instance_id, organization_id, user_id, username, domain, is_preferred, used_setting)
+    SELECT
+        NEW.instance_id
+        , NEW.organization_id
+        , NEW.id
+        , NEW.username
+        , org_domains.domain
+        , org_domains.is_primary IS NULL OR org_domains.is_primary
+        , setting.id
+    FROM
+        zitadel.org_domains
+    WHERE
+        org_domains.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+        AND org_domains.org_id = NEW.organization_id
+        AND org_domains.is_verified = TRUE;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_apply_user_insert_to_login_names
+AFTER INSERT ON zitadel.users
+FOR EACH ROW
+EXECUTE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_user_insert_to_login_names();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_domain_policy_manipulation_to_login_names() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+DECLARE
+    old_lock_key INT4;
+    new_lock_key INT4;
+BEGIN
+    CASE TG_OP
+        -- insert and delete can only happen on organization level therefore we can load the instance level setting as OLD or NEW.
+        WHEN 'DELETE' THEN
+            SELECT
+                settings.*
+            INTO
+                NEW
+            FROM
+                zitadel.settings
+            WHERE
+                settings.instance_id = OLD.instance_id
+                AND settings.type = 'domain'
+                AND settings.organization_id IS NULL;
+        WHEN 'INSERT' THEN
+            SELECT
+                settings.*
+            INTO
+                OLD
+            FROM
+                zitadel.settings
+            WHERE
+                settings.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+                AND settings.type = 'domain'
+                AND settings.organization_id IS NULL;
+        ELSE
+            -- OLD and NEW are already populated, do nothing
+    END CASE;
+
+    -- Lock both OLD and NEW setting scopes to serialize transitions across settings.
+    -- Acquire in deterministic order to avoid deadlocks.
+    old_lock_key := hashtext(OLD.instance_id || ':' || COALESCE(OLD.organization_id, 'global'));
+    new_lock_key := hashtext(NEW.instance_id || ':' || COALESCE(NEW.organization_id, 'global'));
+    IF old_lock_key = new_lock_key THEN
+        PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('zitadel.login_names'), old_lock_key);
+    ELSE
+        PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('zitadel.login_names'), new_lock_key);
+        PERFORM pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtext('zitadel.login_names'), old_lock_key);
+    END IF;
+    
+    IF (OLD.settings->'loginNameIncludesDomain')::BOOLEAN IS NOT DISTINCT FROM (NEW.settings->'loginNameIncludesDomain')::BOOLEAN THEN
+        -- field not changed but the setting id did change.
+        IF TG_OP = 'DELETE' OR TG_OP = 'INSERT' THEN
+            UPDATE
+                zitadel.login_names
+            SET
+                used_setting = NEW.id
+            WHERE
+                login_names.instance_id = OLD.instance_id
+                AND login_names.used_setting = OLD.id
+                AND (NEW.organization_id IS NULL OR login_names.organization_id = NEW.organization_id);
+        END IF;
+
+        -- no change in the setting, so we can skip the update
+        RETURN NULL;
+    END IF;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE 'recompute login names';
+
+    WITH affected_login_names AS (
+        DELETE FROM zitadel.login_names
+        WHERE
+            login_names.instance_id = NEW.instance_id
+            AND login_names.used_setting = OLD.id
+            AND (NEW.organization_id IS NULL OR login_names.organization_id = NEW.organization_id)
+        RETURNING instance_id, organization_id, user_id
+    )
+    INSERT INTO zitadel.login_names(instance_id, organization_id, user_id, username, domain, is_preferred, used_setting)
+    SELECT DISTINCT ON (affected_login_names.instance_id, affected_login_names.user_id, users.username, org_domains.domain)
+        affected_login_names.instance_id
+        , affected_login_names.organization_id
+        , affected_login_names.user_id
+        , users.username
+        , org_domains.domain
+        , org_domains.is_primary IS NULL OR org_domains.is_primary
+        , NEW.id
+    FROM
+        affected_login_names
+    JOIN zitadel.users ON
+        users.instance_id = affected_login_names.instance_id
+        AND users.id = affected_login_names.user_id
+    LEFT JOIN zitadel.org_domains ON 
+        org_domains.instance_id = affected_login_names.instance_id
+        AND org_domains.org_id = affected_login_names.organization_id
+        AND org_domains.is_verified
+        AND (NEW.settings->'loginNameIncludesDomain')::BOOLEAN;
+
+    RETURN NULL;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_apply_domain_policy_manipulation_to_login_names
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON zitadel.settings
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.type = 'domain')
+EXECUTE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_domain_policy_manipulation_to_login_names();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_apply_domain_policy_removed_to_login_names
+AFTER DELETE ON zitadel.settings
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.type = 'domain')
+EXECUTE FUNCTION zitadel.apply_domain_policy_manipulation_to_login_names();

backend/v3/storage/database/repository/repository_test.go

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func createProjectGrant(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction, instanceID, grant
 	return projectGrant.ID
 }
 
-func createIdentityProvider(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction, instanceID, orgID string) string {
+func createIdentityProvider(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor, instanceID, orgID string) string {
 	t.Helper()
 	idp := domain.IdentityProvider{
 		InstanceID:        instanceID,

backend/v3/storage/database/repository/user.go

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ type user struct {
 	userMetadata
 	userPasskey
 	userIdentityProviderLink
+	userLoginName
 }
 
 func (u user) HumanRepository() domain.HumanUserRepository {
@@ -71,6 +72,8 @@ var queryUserStmt = "SELECT users.instance_id, users.organization_id, users.id,
 	", users.state, users.created_at, users.updated_at" +
 	// metadata
 	`, jsonb_agg(DISTINCT jsonb_build_object('instanceId', user_metadata.instance_id, 'key', user_metadata.key, 'value', encode(user_metadata.value, 'base64'), 'createdAt', user_metadata.created_at, 'updatedAt', user_metadata.updated_at)) FILTER (WHERE user_metadata.user_id IS NOT NULL) AS metadata` +
+	// login names
+	`, jsonb_agg(DISTINCT jsonb_build_object('loginName', login_names.login_name, 'isPreferred', login_names.is_preferred)) FILTER (WHERE login_names.user_id IS NOT NULL) AS login_names` +
 	// machine
 	`, CASE WHEN users.type = 'machine' THEN jsonb_build_object('name', users.name` +
 	`, 'description', users.description, 'secret', users.secret` +
@@ -147,6 +150,7 @@ func (u user) appendQueryOpts(opts []database.QueryOption) []database.QueryOptio
 		u.joinVerifications(),
 		u.joinPasskeys(),
 		u.joinIdentityProviderLinks(),
+		u.joinLoginNames(),
 		database.WithGroupBy(u.PrimaryKeyColumns()...),
 	)
 }
@@ -228,11 +232,6 @@ func (u user) InstanceIDCondition(instanceID string) database.Condition {
 	return database.NewTextCondition(u.InstanceIDColumn(), database.TextOperationEqual, instanceID)
 }
 
-// LoginNameCondition implements [domain.UserRepository].
-func (u user) LoginNameCondition(op database.TextOperation, loginName string) database.Condition {
-	panic("unimplemented")
-}
-
 // OrganizationIDCondition implements [domain.UserRepository].
 func (u user) OrganizationIDCondition(orgID string) database.Condition {
 	return database.NewTextCondition(u.organizationIDColumn(), database.TextOperationEqual, orgID)
@@ -478,3 +477,13 @@ func (u user) joinIdentityProviderLinks() database.QueryOption {
 		),
 	)
 }
+
+func (u user) joinLoginNames() database.QueryOption {
+	return database.WithLeftJoin(
+		u.userLoginName.qualifiedTableName(),
+		database.And(
+			database.NewColumnCondition(u.InstanceIDColumn(), u.userLoginName.instanceIDColumn()),
+			database.NewColumnCondition(u.IDColumn(), u.userLoginName.userIDColumn()),
+		),
+	)
+}

backend/v3/storage/database/repository/user_login_name.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package repository
+
+import "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+
+type userLoginName struct{}
+
+func (u userLoginName) qualifiedTableName() string {
+	return "zitadel.login_names"
+}
+
+func (u userLoginName) unqualifiedTableName() string {
+	return "login_names"
+}
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------
+// conditions
+// -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// LoginNameCondition implements [domain.UserRepository].
+func (u userLoginName) LoginNameCondition(op database.TextOperation, loginName string) database.Condition {
+	return database.NewTextCondition(u.loginNameColumn(), op, loginName)
+}
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------
+// columns
+// -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func (u userLoginName) loginNameColumn() database.Column {
+	return database.NewColumn(u.unqualifiedTableName(), "login_name")
+}
+
+func (u userLoginName) instanceIDColumn() database.Column {
+	return database.NewColumn(u.unqualifiedTableName(), "instance_id")
+}
+
+func (u userLoginName) userIDColumn() database.Column {
+	return database.NewColumn(u.unqualifiedTableName(), "user_id")
+}

backend/v3/storage/database/repository/user_login_name_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+package repository_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/muhlemmer/gu"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/domain"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/repository"
+)
+
+func TestUserLoginNameManipulations(t *testing.T) {
+	tx, err := pool.Begin(t.Context(), nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		err := tx.Rollback(context.Background())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Log("failed to rollback transaction:", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	orgDomainRepo := repository.OrganizationDomainRepository()
+	userRepo := repository.UserRepository()
+	settingsRepo := repository.DomainSettingsRepository()
+
+	instanceID := createInstance(t, tx)
+	err = settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+		Settings: domain.Settings{
+			InstanceID: instanceID,
+			Type:       domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+		},
+		DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+			LoginNameIncludesDomain: gu.Ptr(false),
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	org1 := createOrganization(t, tx, instanceID)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      org1,
+		Domain:     "verified.example.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      org1,
+		Domain:     "primary.example.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+		IsPrimary:  true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      org1,
+		Domain:     "unverified.example.com",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+		Settings: domain.Settings{
+			InstanceID:     instanceID,
+			OrganizationID: &org1,
+			Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+		},
+		DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+			LoginNameIncludesDomain: gu.Ptr(true),
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	org2 := createOrganization(t, tx, instanceID)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      org2,
+		Domain:     "primary.example2.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+		IsPrimary:  true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	loginNames := setupLoginNameTestUsers(t, tx, instanceID, org1, org2)
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name               string
+		opts               []database.QueryOption
+		expectedLoginNames map[string][]domain.LoginName
+		before             func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor)
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "list all users",
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: maps.Clone(loginNames),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "update usernames",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				for i := range 100 {
+					_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID, strconv.Itoa(i)),
+						userRepo.SetUsername("updated-user"+strconv.Itoa(i)),
+					)
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+				}
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: expectedLoginNames(loginNames, func(id string, loginNames []domain.LoginName) []domain.LoginName {
+				updated := make([]domain.LoginName, len(loginNames))
+				for i, ln := range loginNames {
+					updated[i] = ln
+					updated[i].LoginName = "updated-" + ln.LoginName
+				}
+				return updated
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add org setting without impact",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				err := settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID:     instanceID,
+						OrganizationID: &org2,
+						Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						RequireOrgDomainVerification: gu.Ptr(false),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: maps.Clone(loginNames),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add and update org setting without impact",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				err := settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID:     instanceID,
+						OrganizationID: &org2,
+						Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						RequireOrgDomainVerification: gu.Ptr(false),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+
+				err = settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID:     instanceID,
+						OrganizationID: &org2,
+						Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						RequireOrgDomainVerification: gu.Ptr(true),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: maps.Clone(loginNames),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "add without impact and update with impact org setting",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				err := settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID:     instanceID,
+						OrganizationID: &org2,
+						Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						RequireOrgDomainVerification: gu.Ptr(false),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+
+				err = settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID:     instanceID,
+						OrganizationID: &org2,
+						Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						LoginNameIncludesDomain: gu.Ptr(true),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: expectedLoginNames(loginNames, func(id string, loginNames []domain.LoginName) []domain.LoginName {
+				if len(loginNames) == 2 {
+					return loginNames
+				}
+				return []domain.LoginName{
+					{
+						LoginName:   fmt.Sprintf("user%[email protected]", id),
+						IsPreferred: true,
+					},
+				}
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "change org setting with impact",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				err := settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID:     instanceID,
+						OrganizationID: &org1,
+						Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						LoginNameIncludesDomain: gu.Ptr(false),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: expectedLoginNames(loginNames, func(id string, loginNames []domain.LoginName) []domain.LoginName {
+				if len(loginNames) == 1 {
+					return loginNames
+				}
+				return []domain.LoginName{
+					{
+						LoginName:   "user" + id,
+						IsPreferred: true,
+					},
+				}
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "reset org setting",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				_, err := settingsRepo.Delete(t.Context(), tx, settingsRepo.UniqueCondition(instanceID, &org1, domain.SettingTypeDomain, domain.SettingStateActive))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: expectedLoginNames(loginNames, func(id string, loginNames []domain.LoginName) []domain.LoginName {
+				if len(loginNames) == 1 {
+					return loginNames
+				}
+				return []domain.LoginName{
+					{
+						LoginName:   "user" + id,
+						IsPreferred: true,
+					},
+				}
+			}),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "change instance setting",
+			before: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
+				err := settingsRepo.Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+					Settings: domain.Settings{
+						InstanceID: instanceID,
+						Type:       domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+					},
+					DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+						LoginNameIncludesDomain: gu.Ptr(true),
+					},
+				})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			},
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID)),
+			},
+			expectedLoginNames: expectedLoginNames(loginNames, func(id string, loginNames []domain.LoginName) []domain.LoginName {
+				if len(loginNames) == 2 {
+					return loginNames
+				}
+				return []domain.LoginName{
+					{
+						LoginName:   fmt.Sprintf("user%[email protected]", id),
+						IsPreferred: true,
+					},
+				}
+			}),
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			savepoint, err := tx.Begin(t.Context())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Cleanup(func() {
+				err := savepoint.Rollback(context.Background())
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Log("failed to rollback savepoint:", err)
+				}
+			})
+
+			if tt.before != nil {
+				tt.before(t, savepoint)
+			}
+
+			users, err := userRepo.List(t.Context(), savepoint, tt.opts...)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			for _, user := range users {
+				expected, ok := tt.expectedLoginNames[user.ID]
+				require.True(t, ok, "unexpected user ID: %s", user.ID)
+				assertLoginNames(t, expected, user.LoginNames)
+				delete(tt.expectedLoginNames, user.ID)
+			}
+			assert.Empty(t, tt.expectedLoginNames, "some expected users were not found")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func setupLoginNameTestUsers(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor, instanceID, org1, org2 string) map[string][]domain.LoginName {
+	userRepo := repository.UserRepository()
+
+	expectedLoginNames := make(map[string][]domain.LoginName, 100)
+	for i := range 100 {
+		orgID := org1
+		id := strconv.Itoa(i)
+
+		expectedLoginNames[id] = []domain.LoginName{
+			{
+				LoginName:   fmt.Sprintf("user%[email protected]", i),
+				IsPreferred: false,
+			},
+			{
+				LoginName:   fmt.Sprintf("user%[email protected]", i),
+				IsPreferred: true,
+			},
+		}
+
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			orgID = org2
+			expectedLoginNames[id] = []domain.LoginName{
+				{
+					LoginName:   "user" + id,
+					IsPreferred: true,
+				},
+			}
+		}
+		err := userRepo.Create(t.Context(), tx, &domain.User{
+			InstanceID:     instanceID,
+			OrganizationID: orgID,
+			ID:             id,
+			Username:       "user" + id,
+			State:          domain.UserStateActive,
+			Machine: &domain.MachineUser{
+				Name: "machine" + id,
+			},
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+	return expectedLoginNames
+}
+
+func expectedLoginNames(loginNames map[string][]domain.LoginName, replace func(id string, loginNames []domain.LoginName) []domain.LoginName) map[string][]domain.LoginName {
+	updated := maps.Clone(loginNames)
+	for id, userLoginNames := range updated {
+		updated[id] = replace(id, userLoginNames)
+	}
+	return updated
+}

backend/v3/storage/database/repository/user_test.go

@@ -26,12 +26,66 @@ func Test_user_Get(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Cleanup(rollback)
 
 	userRepo := repository.UserRepository()
+	orgDomainRepo := repository.OrganizationDomainRepository()
 
 	instanceID := createInstance(t, tx)
 
+	err := repository.DomainSettingsRepository().Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+		Settings: domain.Settings{
+			InstanceID: instanceID,
+			Type:       domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+			State:      domain.SettingStateActive,
+		},
+		DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+			LoginNameIncludesDomain:                gu.Ptr(false),
+			RequireOrgDomainVerification:           gu.Ptr(false),
+			SMTPSenderAddressMatchesInstanceDomain: gu.Ptr(false),
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	orgID1 := createOrganization(t, tx, instanceID)
 	orgID2 := createOrganization(t, tx, instanceID)
 
+	err = repository.DomainSettingsRepository().Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+		Settings: domain.Settings{
+			InstanceID:     instanceID,
+			OrganizationID: &orgID2,
+			Type:           domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+			State:          domain.SettingStateActive,
+		},
+		DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+			LoginNameIncludesDomain:                gu.Ptr(true),
+			RequireOrgDomainVerification:           gu.Ptr(false),
+			SMTPSenderAddressMatchesInstanceDomain: gu.Ptr(false),
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      orgID2,
+		Domain:     "primary.zitadel.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+		IsPrimary:  true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      orgID2,
+		Domain:     "verified.zitadel.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+		IsPrimary:  false,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID,
+		OrgID:      orgID2,
+		Domain:     "unverified.zitadel.com",
+		IsVerified: false,
+		IsPrimary:  false,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	now := time.Now().Round(time.Millisecond)
 
 	human := &domain.User{
@@ -42,6 +96,12 @@ func Test_user_Get(t *testing.T) {
 		State:          domain.UserStateActive,
 		CreatedAt:      now,
 		UpdatedAt:      now,
+		LoginNames: []domain.LoginName{
+			{
+				LoginName:   "human-user",
+				IsPreferred: true,
+			},
+		},
 		Human: &domain.HumanUser{
 			FirstName:         "John",
 			LastName:          "Doe",
@@ -66,20 +126,28 @@ func Test_user_Get(t *testing.T) {
 		State:          domain.UserStateActive,
 		CreatedAt:      now,
 		UpdatedAt:      now,
+		LoginNames: []domain.LoginName{
+			{
+				LoginName:   "[email protected]",
+				IsPreferred: true,
+			},
+			{
+				LoginName: "[email protected]",
+			},
+		},
 		Machine: &domain.MachineUser{
 			Name:        "My Machine",
 			Description: "This is my machine user",
 		},
 	}
 
-	err := userRepo.Create(t.Context(), tx, human)
+	err = userRepo.Create(t.Context(), tx, human)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	err = userRepo.Create(t.Context(), tx, machine)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	tests := []struct {
 		name      string
-		setup     func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) error
 		condition database.Condition
 		wantErr   error
 		expected  *domain.User
@@ -120,10 +188,6 @@ func Test_user_Get(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Log("rollback savepoint failed", err)
 				}
 			})
-			if tt.setup != nil {
-				err := tt.setup(t, savepoint)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-			}
 
 			user, err := userRepo.Get(t.Context(), savepoint, database.WithCondition(tt.condition))
 			require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.wantErr)
@@ -536,10 +600,57 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 
 	userRepo := repository.UserRepository()
 	humanRepo := repository.HumanUserRepository()
+	orgDomainRepo := repository.OrganizationDomainRepository()
 
 	instanceID1 := createInstance(t, tx)
+
+	err := repository.DomainSettingsRepository().Set(t.Context(), tx, &domain.DomainSettings{
+		Settings: domain.Settings{
+			InstanceID: instanceID1,
+			Type:       domain.SettingTypeDomain,
+			State:      domain.SettingStateActive,
+		},
+		DomainSettingsAttributes: domain.DomainSettingsAttributes{
+			LoginNameIncludesDomain:                gu.Ptr(true),
+			RequireOrgDomainVerification:           gu.Ptr(false),
+			SMTPSenderAddressMatchesInstanceDomain: gu.Ptr(false),
+		},
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	instance1OrgID1 := createOrganization(t, tx, instanceID1)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID1,
+		OrgID:      instance1OrgID1,
+		Domain:     "org1.zitadel.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+		IsPrimary:  true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	instance1OrgID2 := createOrganization(t, tx, instanceID1)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID1,
+		OrgID:      instance1OrgID2,
+		Domain:     "org2-primary.zitadel.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+		IsPrimary:  true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID1,
+		OrgID:      instance1OrgID2,
+		Domain:     "org2-verified.zitadel.com",
+		IsVerified: true,
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = orgDomainRepo.Add(t.Context(), tx, &domain.AddOrganizationDomain{
+		InstanceID: instanceID1,
+		OrgID:      instance1OrgID2,
+		Domain:     "org2-unverified.zitadel.com",
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	idpID := createIdentityProvider(t, tx, instanceID1, instance1OrgID1)
 
 	instanceID2 := createInstance(t, tx)
@@ -645,7 +756,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
 		name  string
-		setup func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction)
+		setup func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor)
 		opts  []database.QueryOption
 		want  want
 	}{
@@ -711,7 +822,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by state",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					userRepo.SetState(domain.UserStateInactive),
 				)
@@ -739,7 +850,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by type",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 			},
 			opts: []database.QueryOption{
 				database.WithCondition(database.And(
@@ -752,25 +863,24 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 				ids: []string{"m1", "m2"},
 			},
 		},
-		// {
-		// 	name: "by login name",
-		// 	setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
-		// 	},
-		// 	opts: []database.QueryOption{
-		// 	database.WithCondition(database.And(
-		// 		userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID1),
-		// 	)),
-		// },
-		// 	want: want{
-		// 		err: nil,
-		// 		ids: []string{},
-		// 	},
-		// },
+		{
+			name: "by login name found",
+			opts: []database.QueryOption{
+				database.WithCondition(database.And(
+					userRepo.InstanceIDCondition(instanceID1),
+					userRepo.LoginNameCondition(database.TextOperationEqual, "[email protected]"),
+				)),
+			},
+			want: want{
+				err: nil,
+				ids: []string{"h2"},
+			},
+		},
 
 		// metadata conditions
 		{
 			name: "by metadata key",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					userRepo.SetMetadata(
 						&domain.Metadata{
@@ -812,7 +922,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by metadata value",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					userRepo.SetMetadata(
 						&domain.Metadata{
@@ -864,7 +974,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by metadata key and value",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					userRepo.SetMetadata(
 						&domain.Metadata{
@@ -921,7 +1031,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		// human conditions
 		{
 			name: "by display name",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 			},
 			opts: []database.QueryOption{
 				database.WithCondition(database.And(
@@ -936,7 +1046,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by first name",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 			},
 			opts: []database.QueryOption{
 				database.WithCondition(database.And(
@@ -951,7 +1061,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by last name",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 			},
 			opts: []database.QueryOption{
 				database.WithCondition(database.And(
@@ -966,7 +1076,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by nickname",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 			},
 			opts: []database.QueryOption{
 				database.WithCondition(database.And(
@@ -981,7 +1091,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by preferred language",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 			},
 			opts: []database.QueryOption{
 				database.WithCondition(database.And(
@@ -998,7 +1108,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		// phone conditions
 		{
 			name: "by phone",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := humanRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, humanRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.SetPhone("+1234567890"),
 					humanRepo.SetPhoneVerification(&domain.VerificationTypeSkipped{}),
@@ -1025,7 +1135,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by unverified phone",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := humanRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, humanRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.SetPhone("+1234567890"),
 					humanRepo.SetPhoneVerification(&domain.VerificationTypeSkipped{}),
@@ -1052,7 +1162,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by verified phone",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := humanRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, humanRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.SetPhone("+1234567890"),
 					humanRepo.SetPhoneVerification(&domain.VerificationTypeSkipped{}),
@@ -1081,7 +1191,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		// human email conditions
 		{
 			name: "by email",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := humanRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, humanRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.SetEmail("[email protected]"),
 					humanRepo.SetEmailVerification(&domain.VerificationTypeSkipped{}),
@@ -1108,7 +1218,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by unverified email",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := humanRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, humanRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.SetEmail("[email protected]"),
 					humanRepo.SetEmailVerification(&domain.VerificationTypeSkipped{}),
@@ -1135,7 +1245,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by verified email",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := humanRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, humanRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.SetEmail("[email protected]"),
 					humanRepo.SetEmailVerification(&domain.VerificationTypeSkipped{}),
@@ -1164,7 +1274,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		// passkey conditions
 		{
 			name: "by passkey same challenge",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddPasskey(
 						&domain.Passkey{
@@ -1224,7 +1334,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by passkey challenge",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddPasskey(
 						&domain.Passkey{
@@ -1284,7 +1394,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by passkey id",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddPasskey(
 						&domain.Passkey{
@@ -1344,7 +1454,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by passkey key id",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddPasskey(
 						&domain.Passkey{
@@ -1404,7 +1514,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by passkey type",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddPasskey(
 						&domain.Passkey{
@@ -1466,7 +1576,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		// idp link conditions
 		{
 			name: "by idp link provider id",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddIdentityProviderLink(&domain.IdentityProviderLink{
 						ProviderID:       idpID,
@@ -1505,7 +1615,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by idp link provided user id",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddIdentityProviderLink(&domain.IdentityProviderLink{
 						ProviderID:       idpID,
@@ -1544,7 +1654,7 @@ func Test_user_ListConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "by idp link username",
-			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.Transaction) {
+			setup: func(t *testing.T, tx database.QueryExecutor) {
 				_, err := userRepo.Update(t.Context(), tx, userRepo.PrimaryKeyCondition(instanceID1, "h1"),
 					humanRepo.AddIdentityProviderLink(&domain.IdentityProviderLink{
 						ProviderID:       idpID,
@@ -4395,6 +4505,7 @@ func assertUser(t *testing.T, expected, actual *domain.User) {
 	require.Equal(t, expected.Human == nil, actual.Human == nil, "human check")
 
 	assertMetadata(t, expected.Metadata, actual.Metadata)
+	assertLoginNames(t, expected.LoginNames, actual.LoginNames)
 
 	if expected.Machine != nil {
 		assertMachineUser(t, expected.Machine, actual.Machine)
@@ -4409,6 +4520,25 @@ func assertUser(t *testing.T, expected, actual *domain.User) {
 	t.Fail()
 }
 
+func assertLoginNames(t *testing.T, expected, gotten []domain.LoginName) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	assert.Len(t, gotten, len(expected), "login names length mismatch")
+	for _, exp := range expected {
+		var actual domain.LoginName
+		gotten = slices.DeleteFunc(gotten, func(ln domain.LoginName) bool {
+			if ln.LoginName != exp.LoginName {
+				return false
+			}
+			actual = ln
+			return true
+		})
+		require.NotEmpty(t, actual, "login name %q not found", exp.LoginName)
+		assert.Equal(t, exp.IsPreferred, actual.IsPreferred, "login name %q is preferred", exp.LoginName)
+	}
+	assert.Empty(t, gotten, "unmatched login names found")
+}
+
 func assertMachineUser(t *testing.T, expected, actual *domain.MachineUser) {
 	t.Helper()