diff --git a/.github/workflows/core.yml b/.github/workflows/core.yml
index 83b0054e1..940da35f0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/core.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/core.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ on:
 
 env:
   cache_path: |
-    backend
     internal/statik/statik.go
     internal/notification/statik/statik.go
     internal/api/ui/login/static/resources/themes/zitadel/css/zitadel.css*
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
           continue-on-error: true
           id: cache
           with:
-            key: core-${{ hashFiles( 'go.*', 'openapi', 'cmd', 'pkg/grpc/**/*.go', 'proto', 'internal', 'backend/**') }}
+            key: core-${{ hashFiles( 'go.*', 'openapi', 'cmd', 'pkg/grpc/**/*.go', 'proto', 'internal', 'backend') }}
             restore-keys: |
               core-
             path: ${{ env.cache_path }}
diff --git a/backend/v3/domain/command.go b/backend/v3/domain/command.go
index d63da4951..cd0da4d0d 100644
--- a/backend/v3/domain/command.go
+++ b/backend/v3/domain/command.go
@@ -1,131 +1,146 @@
 package domain
 
-// import (
-// 	"context"
-// 	"fmt"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
-// )
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	legacy_es "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
+)
 
-// // Commander is the all it needs to implement the command pattern.
-// // It is the interface all manipulations need to implement.
-// // If possible it should also be used for queries. We will find out if this is possible in the future.
-// type Commander interface {
-// 	Execute(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) (err error)
-// 	fmt.Stringer
-// }
+// Commander is all that is needed to implement the command pattern.
+// It is the interface all manipulations need to implement.
+// If possible it should also be used for queries. We will find out if this is possible in the future.
+type Commander interface {
+	Execute(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) (err error)
+	// Events returns the events that should be pushed to the event store after the command is executed.
+	// If the command does not produce events, it should return nil or an empty slice.
+	Events(ctx context.Context) []legacy_es.Command
+	fmt.Stringer
+}
 
-// // Invoker is part of the command pattern.
-// // It is the interface that is used to execute commands.
-// type Invoker interface {
-// 	Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) error
-// }
+// Invoker is part of the command pattern.
+// It is the interface that is used to execute commands.
+type Invoker interface {
+	Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) error
+}
 
-// // CommandOpts are passed to each command
-// // the provide common fields used by commands like the database client.
-// type CommandOpts struct {
-// 	DB      database.QueryExecutor
-// 	Invoker Invoker
-// }
+// CommandOpts are passed to each command
+// it provides common fields used by commands like the database client.
+type CommandOpts struct {
+	DB      database.QueryExecutor
+	Invoker Invoker
+}
 
-// type ensureTxOpts struct {
-// 	*database.TransactionOptions
-// }
+type ensureTxOpts struct {
+	*database.TransactionOptions
+}
 
-// type EnsureTransactionOpt func(*ensureTxOpts)
+type EnsureTransactionOpt func(*ensureTxOpts)
 
-// // EnsureTx ensures that the DB is a transaction. If it is not, it will start a new transaction.
-// // The returned close function will end the transaction. If the DB is already a transaction, the close function
-// // will do nothing because another [Commander] is already responsible for ending the transaction.
-// func (o *CommandOpts) EnsureTx(ctx context.Context, opts ...EnsureTransactionOpt) (close func(context.Context, error) error, err error) {
-// 	beginner, ok := o.DB.(database.Beginner)
-// 	if !ok {
-// 		// db is already a transaction
-// 		return func(_ context.Context, err error) error {
-// 			return err
-// 		}, nil
-// 	}
+// EnsureTx ensures that the DB is a transaction. If it is not, it will start a new transaction.
+// The returned close function will end the transaction. If the DB is already a transaction, the close function
+// will do nothing because another [Commander] is already responsible for ending the transaction.
+func (o *CommandOpts) EnsureTx(ctx context.Context, opts ...EnsureTransactionOpt) (close func(context.Context, error) error, err error) {
+	beginner, ok := o.DB.(database.Beginner)
+	if !ok {
+		// db is already a transaction
+		return func(_ context.Context, err error) error {
+			return err
+		}, nil
+	}
 
-// 	txOpts := &ensureTxOpts{
-// 		TransactionOptions: new(database.TransactionOptions),
-// 	}
-// 	for _, opt := range opts {
-// 		opt(txOpts)
-// 	}
+	txOpts := &ensureTxOpts{
+		TransactionOptions: new(database.TransactionOptions),
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		opt(txOpts)
+	}
 
-// 	tx, err := beginner.Begin(ctx, txOpts.TransactionOptions)
-// 	if err != nil {
-// 		return nil, err
-// 	}
-// 	o.DB = tx
+	tx, err := beginner.Begin(ctx, txOpts.TransactionOptions)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	o.DB = tx
 
-// 	return func(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
-// 		return tx.End(ctx, err)
-// 	}, nil
-// }
+	return func(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
+		return tx.End(ctx, err)
+	}, nil
+}
 
-// // EnsureClient ensures that the o.DB is a client. If it is not, it will get a new client from the [database.Pool].
-// // The returned close function will release the client. If the o.DB is already a client or transaction, the close function
-// // will do nothing because another [Commander] is already responsible for releasing the client.
-// func (o *CommandOpts) EnsureClient(ctx context.Context) (close func(_ context.Context) error, err error) {
-// 	pool, ok := o.DB.(database.Pool)
-// 	if !ok {
-// 		// o.DB is already a client
-// 		return func(_ context.Context) error {
-// 			return nil
-// 		}, nil
-// 	}
-// 	client, err := pool.Acquire(ctx)
-// 	if err != nil {
-// 		return nil, err
-// 	}
-// 	o.DB = client
-// 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
-// 		return client.Release(ctx)
-// 	}, nil
-// }
+// EnsureClient ensures that the o.DB is a client. If it is not, it will get a new client from the [database.Pool].
+// The returned close function will release the client. If the o.DB is already a client or transaction, the close function
+// will do nothing because another [Commander] is already responsible for releasing the client.
+func (o *CommandOpts) EnsureClient(ctx context.Context) (close func(_ context.Context) error, err error) {
+	pool, ok := o.DB.(database.Pool)
+	if !ok {
+		// o.DB is already a client
+		return func(_ context.Context) error {
+			return nil
+		}, nil
+	}
+	client, err := pool.Acquire(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	o.DB = client
+	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		return client.Release(ctx)
+	}, nil
+}
 
-// func (o *CommandOpts) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander) error {
-// 	if o.Invoker == nil {
-// 		return command.Execute(ctx, o)
-// 	}
-// 	return o.Invoker.Invoke(ctx, command, o)
-// }
+func (o *CommandOpts) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander) error {
+	if o.Invoker == nil {
+		return command.Execute(ctx, o)
+	}
+	return o.Invoker.Invoke(ctx, command, o)
+}
 
-// func DefaultOpts(invoker Invoker) *CommandOpts {
-// 	if invoker == nil {
-// 		invoker = &noopInvoker{}
-// 	}
-// 	return &CommandOpts{
-// 		DB:      pool,
-// 		Invoker: invoker,
-// 	}
-// }
+func DefaultOpts(invoker Invoker) *CommandOpts {
+	if invoker == nil {
+		invoker = &noopInvoker{}
+	}
+	return &CommandOpts{
+		DB:      pool,
+		Invoker: invoker,
+	}
+}
 
-// // commandBatch is a batch of commands.
-// // It uses the [Invoker] provided by the opts to execute each command.
-// type commandBatch struct {
-// 	Commands []Commander
-// }
+// commandBatch is a batch of commands.
+// It uses the [Invoker] provided by the opts to execute each command.
+type commandBatch struct {
+	Commands []Commander
+}
 
-// func BatchCommands(cmds ...Commander) *commandBatch {
-// 	return &commandBatch{
-// 		Commands: cmds,
-// 	}
-// }
+// Events implements Commander.
+func (cmd *commandBatch) Events(ctx context.Context) []legacy_es.Command {
+	commands := make([]legacy_es.Command, 0, len(cmd.Commands))
+	for _, c := range cmd.Commands {
+		if e := c.Events(ctx); len(e) > 0 {
+			commands = append(commands, e...)
+		}
+	}
+	return commands
+}
 
-// // String implements [Commander].
-// func (cmd *commandBatch) String() string {
-// 	return "commandBatch"
-// }
+func BatchCommands(cmds ...Commander) *commandBatch {
+	return &commandBatch{
+		Commands: cmds,
+	}
+}
 
-// func (b *commandBatch) Execute(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
-// 	for _, cmd := range b.Commands {
-// 		if err = opts.Invoke(ctx, cmd); err != nil {
-// 			return err
-// 		}
-// 	}
-// 	return nil
-// }
+// String implements [Commander].
+func (cmd *commandBatch) String() string {
+	return "commandBatch"
+}
 
-// var _ Commander = (*commandBatch)(nil)
+func (b *commandBatch) Execute(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
+	for _, cmd := range b.Commands {
+		if err = opts.Invoke(ctx, cmd); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var _ Commander = (*commandBatch)(nil)
diff --git a/backend/v3/domain/defaults.go b/backend/v3/domain/defaults.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2e5678af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/v3/domain/defaults.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package domain
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/eventstore"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/telemetry/logging"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/telemetry/tracing"
+)
+
+// The variables could also be moved to a struct.
+// I just started with the singleton pattern and kept it like this.
+var (
+	pool database.Pool
+	// userCodeAlgorithm crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm
+	tracer           tracing.Tracer
+	logger           logging.Logger = *logging.NewLogger(slog.Default())
+	legacyEventstore eventstore.LegacyEventstore
+
+	// userRepo func(database.QueryExecutor) UserRepository
+	// instanceRepo func(database.QueryExecutor) InstanceRepository
+	// cryptoRepo func(database.QueryExecutor) CryptoRepository
+	// orgRepo    func(database.QueryExecutor) OrgRepository
+
+	// instanceCache cache.Cache[instanceCacheIndex, string, *Instance]
+	// orgCache cache.Cache[orgCacheIndex, string, *Org]
+
+	// generateID func() (string, error) = func() (string, error) {
+	// 	return strconv.FormatUint(rand.Uint64(), 10), nil
+	// }
+)
+
+func SetPool(p database.Pool) {
+	pool = p
+}
+
+// func SetUserCodeAlgorithm(algorithm crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm) {
+// 	userCodeAlgorithm = algorithm
+// }
+
+func SetTracer(t tracing.Tracer) {
+	tracer = t
+}
+
+func SetLogger(l logging.Logger) {
+	logger = l
+}
+
+func SetLegacyEventstore(es eventstore.LegacyEventstore) {
+	legacyEventstore = es
+}
+
+// func SetUserRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) UserRepository) {
+// 	userRepo = repo
+// }
+
+// func SetOrgRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) OrgRepository) {
+// 	orgRepo = repo
+// }
+
+// func SetInstanceRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) InstanceRepository) {
+// 	instanceRepo = repo
+// }
+
+// func SetCryptoRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) CryptoRepository) {
+// 	cryptoRepo = repo
+// }
diff --git a/backend/v3/domain/domain.go b/backend/v3/domain/domain.go
index 53aa4b672..b5e9509bb 100644
--- a/backend/v3/domain/domain.go
+++ b/backend/v3/domain/domain.go
@@ -60,68 +60,3 @@ type domainChanges interface {
 	// This is used for reducing events.
 	SetUpdatedAt(t time.Time) database.Change
 }
-
-// import (
-// 	"math/rand/v2"
-// 	"strconv"
-
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/cache"
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
-
-// 	// "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/telemetry/logging"
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/telemetry/tracing"
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/crypto"
-// )
-
-// // The variables could also be moved to a struct.
-// // I just started with the singleton pattern and kept it like this.
-// var (
-// 	pool              database.Pool
-// 	userCodeAlgorithm crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm
-// 	tracer            tracing.Tracer
-// 	// logger            logging.Logger
-
-// 	userRepo func(database.QueryExecutor) UserRepository
-// 	// instanceRepo func(database.QueryExecutor) InstanceRepository
-// 	cryptoRepo func(database.QueryExecutor) CryptoRepository
-// 	orgRepo    func(database.QueryExecutor) OrgRepository
-
-// 	// instanceCache cache.Cache[instanceCacheIndex, string, *Instance]
-// 	orgCache cache.Cache[orgCacheIndex, string, *Org]
-
-// 	generateID func() (string, error) = func() (string, error) {
-// 		return strconv.FormatUint(rand.Uint64(), 10), nil
-// 	}
-// )
-
-// func SetPool(p database.Pool) {
-// 	pool = p
-// }
-
-// func SetUserCodeAlgorithm(algorithm crypto.EncryptionAlgorithm) {
-// 	userCodeAlgorithm = algorithm
-// }
-
-// func SetTracer(t tracing.Tracer) {
-// 	tracer = t
-// }
-
-// // func SetLogger(l logging.Logger) {
-// // 	logger = l
-// // }
-
-// func SetUserRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) UserRepository) {
-// 	userRepo = repo
-// }
-
-// func SetOrgRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) OrgRepository) {
-// 	orgRepo = repo
-// }
-
-// // func SetInstanceRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) InstanceRepository) {
-// // 	instanceRepo = repo
-// // }
-
-// func SetCryptoRepository(repo func(database.QueryExecutor) CryptoRepository) {
-// 	cryptoRepo = repo
-// }
diff --git a/backend/v3/domain/invoke.go b/backend/v3/domain/invoke.go
index 8c25bad6b..4567ec30e 100644
--- a/backend/v3/domain/invoke.go
+++ b/backend/v3/domain/invoke.go
@@ -1,142 +1,143 @@
 package domain
 
-// import (
-// 	"context"
-// 	"fmt"
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/eventstore"
-// )
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/eventstore"
+	legacy_es "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
+)
 
-// // Invoke provides a way to execute commands within the domain package.
-// // It uses a chain of responsibility pattern to handle the command execution.
-// // The default chain includes logging, tracing, and event publishing.
-// // If you want to invoke multiple commands in a single transaction, you can use the [commandBatch].
-// func Invoke(ctx context.Context, cmd Commander) error {
-// 	invoker := newEventStoreInvoker(newLoggingInvoker(newTraceInvoker(nil)))
-// 	opts := &CommandOpts{
-// 		Invoker: invoker.collector,
-// 		DB:      pool,
-// 	}
-// 	return invoker.Invoke(ctx, cmd, opts)
-// }
+// Invoke provides a way to execute commands within the domain package.
+// It uses a chain of responsibility pattern to handle the command execution.
+// The default chain includes logging, tracing, and event publishing.
+// If you want to invoke multiple commands in a single transaction, you can use the [commandBatch].
+func Invoke(ctx context.Context, cmd Commander) error {
+	invoker := newEventStoreInvoker(newLoggingInvoker(newTraceInvoker(nil)))
+	opts := &CommandOpts{
+		Invoker: invoker.collector,
+		DB:      pool,
+	}
+	return invoker.Invoke(ctx, cmd, opts)
+}
 
-// // eventStoreInvoker checks if the command implements the [eventer] interface.
-// // If it does, it collects the events and publishes them to the event store.
-// type eventStoreInvoker struct {
-// 	collector *eventCollector
-// }
+// eventStoreInvoker checks if the [Commander].Events function returns any events.
+// If it does, it collects the events and publishes them to the event store.
+type eventStoreInvoker struct {
+	collector *eventCollector
+}
 
-// func newEventStoreInvoker(next Invoker) *eventStoreInvoker {
-// 	return &eventStoreInvoker{collector: &eventCollector{next: next}}
-// }
+func newEventStoreInvoker(next Invoker) *eventStoreInvoker {
+	return &eventStoreInvoker{collector: &eventCollector{next: next}}
+}
 
-// func (i *eventStoreInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
-// 	err = i.collector.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
-// 	if err != nil {
-// 		return err
-// 	}
-// 	if len(i.collector.events) > 0 {
-// 		err = eventstore.Publish(ctx, i.collector.events, opts.DB)
-// 		if err != nil {
-// 			return err
-// 		}
-// 	}
-// 	return nil
-// }
+func (i *eventStoreInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
+	err = i.collector.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(i.collector.events) > 0 {
+		err = eventstore.Publish(ctx, legacyEventstore, opts.DB, i.collector.events...)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 
-// // eventCollector collects events from all commands. The [eventStoreInvoker] pushes the collected events after all commands are executed.
-// type eventCollector struct {
-// 	next   Invoker
-// 	events []*eventstore.Event
-// }
+// eventCollector collects events from all commands. The [eventStoreInvoker] pushes the collected events after all commands are executed.
+// The events are collected after the command got executed, the collector ensures that the command is executed in the same transaction as writing the events.
+type eventCollector struct {
+	next   Invoker
+	events []legacy_es.Command
+}
 
-// type eventer interface {
-// 	Events() []*eventstore.Event
-// }
+func (i *eventCollector) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
+	close, err := opts.EnsureTx(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() { err = close(ctx, err) }()
 
-// func (i *eventCollector) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
-// 	if e, ok := command.(eventer); ok && len(e.Events()) > 0 {
-// 		// we need to ensure all commands are executed in the same transaction
-// 		close, err := opts.EnsureTx(ctx)
-// 		if err != nil {
-// 			return err
-// 		}
-// 		defer func() { err = close(ctx, err) }()
+	if i.next != nil {
+		err = i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
+	} else {
+		err = command.Execute(ctx, opts)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	i.events = append(command.Events(ctx), i.events...)
 
-// 		i.events = append(i.events, e.Events()...)
-// 	}
-// 	if i.next != nil {
-// 		return i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
-// 	}
-// 	return command.Execute(ctx, opts)
-// }
+	return
+}
 
-// // traceInvoker decorates each command with tracing.
-// type traceInvoker struct {
-// 	next Invoker
-// }
+// traceInvoker decorates each command with tracing.
+type traceInvoker struct {
+	next Invoker
+}
 
-// func newTraceInvoker(next Invoker) *traceInvoker {
-// 	return &traceInvoker{next: next}
-// }
+func newTraceInvoker(next Invoker) *traceInvoker {
+	return &traceInvoker{next: next}
+}
 
-// func (i *traceInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
-// 	ctx, span := tracer.Start(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%T", command))
-// 	defer func() {
-// 		if err != nil {
-// 			span.RecordError(err)
-// 		}
-// 		span.End()
-// 	}()
+func (i *traceInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
+	ctx, span := tracer.Start(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%T", command))
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			span.RecordError(err)
+		}
+		span.End()
+	}()
 
-// 	if i.next != nil {
-// 		return i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
-// 	}
-// 	return command.Execute(ctx, opts)
-// }
+	if i.next != nil {
+		return i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
+	}
+	return command.Execute(ctx, opts)
+}
 
-// // loggingInvoker decorates each command with logging.
-// // It is an example implementation and logs the command name at the beginning and success or failure after the command got executed.
-// type loggingInvoker struct {
-// 	next Invoker
-// }
+// loggingInvoker decorates each command with logging.
+// It is an example implementation and logs the command name at the beginning and success or failure after the command got executed.
+type loggingInvoker struct {
+	next Invoker
+}
 
-// func newLoggingInvoker(next Invoker) *loggingInvoker {
-// 	return &loggingInvoker{next: next}
-// }
+func newLoggingInvoker(next Invoker) *loggingInvoker {
+	return &loggingInvoker{next: next}
+}
 
-// func (i *loggingInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
-// 	logger.InfoContext(ctx, "Invoking command", "command", command.String())
+func (i *loggingInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
+	logger.InfoContext(ctx, "Invoking command", "command", command.String())
 
-// 	if i.next != nil {
-// 		err = i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
-// 	} else {
-// 		err = command.Execute(ctx, opts)
-// 	}
+	if i.next != nil {
+		err = i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
+	} else {
+		err = command.Execute(ctx, opts)
+	}
 
-// 	if err != nil {
-// 		logger.ErrorContext(ctx, "Command invocation failed", "command", command.String(), "error", err)
-// 		return err
-// 	}
-// 	logger.InfoContext(ctx, "Command invocation succeeded", "command", command.String())
-// 	return nil
-// }
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.ErrorContext(ctx, "Command invocation failed", "command", command.String(), "error", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	logger.InfoContext(ctx, "Command invocation succeeded", "command", command.String())
+	return nil
+}
 
-// type noopInvoker struct {
-// 	next Invoker
-// }
+type noopInvoker struct {
+	next Invoker
+}
 
-// func (i *noopInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) error {
-// 	if i.next != nil {
-// 		return i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
-// 	}
-// 	return command.Execute(ctx, opts)
-// }
+func (i *noopInvoker) Invoke(ctx context.Context, command Commander, opts *CommandOpts) error {
+	if i.next != nil {
+		return i.next.Invoke(ctx, command, opts)
+	}
+	return command.Execute(ctx, opts)
+}
 
-// // cacheInvoker could be used in the future to do the caching.
-// // My goal would be to have two interfaces:
-// // - cacheSetter: which caches an object
-// // - cacheGetter: which gets an object from the cache, this should also skip the command execution
+// cacheInvoker could be used in the future to do the caching.
+// My goal would be to have two interfaces:
+// - cacheSetter: which caches an object
+// - cacheGetter: which gets an object from the cache, this should also skip the command execution
 // type cacheInvoker struct {
 // 	next Invoker
 // }
diff --git a/backend/v3/domain/invoke_test.go b/backend/v3/domain/invoke_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b392e0478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/v3/domain/invoke_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package domain
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
+
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dbmock"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/eventstore"
+	legacy_es "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
+)
+
+type testLegacyEventstore struct{}
+
+func (es *testLegacyEventstore) PushWithNewClient(ctx context.Context, client database.QueryExecutor, commands ...legacy_es.Command) ([]legacy_es.Event, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+var _ eventstore.LegacyEventstore = (*testLegacyEventstore)(nil)
+
+type invokeTestCommand struct {
+	events  []legacy_es.Command
+	execute func(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) error
+}
+
+// Events implements Commander.
+func (i *invokeTestCommand) Events(ctx context.Context) []legacy_es.Command {
+	return i.events
+}
+
+// Execute implements Commander.
+func (i *invokeTestCommand) Execute(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) (err error) {
+	if i.execute == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return i.execute(ctx, opts)
+}
+
+// String implements Commander.
+func (i *invokeTestCommand) String() string {
+	return "invokeTestCommand"
+}
+
+var _ Commander = (*invokeTestCommand)(nil)
+
+type invokeTestEvent struct {
+	id string
+}
+
+// Aggregate implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) Aggregate() *legacy_es.Aggregate {
+	return &legacy_es.Aggregate{
+		ID:            i.id,
+		Type:          "test",
+		ResourceOwner: "test",
+		InstanceID:    "test",
+		Version:       legacy_es.Version("v1"),
+	}
+}
+
+// Creator implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) Creator() string {
+	return "test"
+}
+
+// Fields implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) Fields() []*legacy_es.FieldOperation {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Payload implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) Payload() any {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Revision implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) Revision() uint16 {
+	return 1
+}
+
+// Type implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) Type() legacy_es.EventType {
+	return "test"
+}
+
+// UniqueConstraints implements [legacy_es.Command].
+func (i *invokeTestEvent) UniqueConstraints() []*legacy_es.UniqueConstraint {
+	return nil
+}
+
+var _ legacy_es.Command = (*invokeTestEvent)(nil)
+
+func Test_eventCollector_Invoke(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                  string
+		command               Commander
+		expectedErr           error
+		assertCollectedEvents func(t *testing.T, events []legacy_es.Command)
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "simple command with events",
+			expectedErr: nil,
+			command: &invokeTestCommand{
+				events: []legacy_es.Command{&invokeTestEvent{id: "1"}},
+			},
+			assertCollectedEvents: func(t *testing.T, events []legacy_es.Command) {
+				require.Len(t, events, 1)
+				assert.Equal(t, "1", events[0].Aggregate().ID)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "simple command without events",
+			expectedErr: nil,
+			command:     &invokeTestCommand{},
+			assertCollectedEvents: func(t *testing.T, events []legacy_es.Command) {
+				assert.Len(t, events, 0)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "command with sub commands",
+			expectedErr: nil,
+			command: &invokeTestCommand{
+				events: []legacy_es.Command{&invokeTestEvent{id: "1"}},
+				execute: func(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) error {
+					return opts.Invoke(ctx, &invokeTestCommand{
+						events: []legacy_es.Command{&invokeTestEvent{id: "2"}},
+					})
+				},
+			},
+			assertCollectedEvents: func(t *testing.T, events []legacy_es.Command) {
+				require.Len(t, events, 2)
+				assert.Equal(t, "1", events[0].Aggregate().ID)
+				assert.Equal(t, "2", events[1].Aggregate().ID)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "only sub commands with events",
+			expectedErr: nil,
+			command: &invokeTestCommand{
+				execute: func(ctx context.Context, opts *CommandOpts) error {
+					return opts.Invoke(ctx, &invokeTestCommand{
+						events: []legacy_es.Command{&invokeTestEvent{id: "2"}},
+					})
+				},
+			},
+			assertCollectedEvents: func(t *testing.T, events []legacy_es.Command) {
+				require.Len(t, events, 1)
+				assert.Equal(t, "2", events[0].Aggregate().ID)
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	SetLegacyEventstore(new(testLegacyEventstore))
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
+
+			pool := dbmock.NewMockPool(ctrl)
+
+			tx := dbmock.NewMockTransaction(ctrl)
+			tx.EXPECT().End(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(nil).AnyTimes()
+			pool.EXPECT().Begin(gomock.Any(), gomock.Any()).Return(tx, nil).AnyTimes()
+
+			i := newEventStoreInvoker(nil)
+			opts := CommandOpts{
+				Invoker: i,
+				DB:      pool,
+			}
+			err := opts.Invoke(t.Context(), tt.command)
+			require.ErrorIs(t, err, tt.expectedErr)
+			tt.assertCollectedEvents(t, i.collector.events)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/backend/v3/domain/org_add.go b/backend/v3/domain/org_add.go
index 808c18f06..a2286921f 100644
--- a/backend/v3/domain/org_add.go
+++ b/backend/v3/domain/org_add.go
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 package domain
 
-// import (
-// 	"context"
+import (
+	"context"
 
-// 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/eventstore"
-// )
+	legacy_es "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/repository/org"
+)
 
-// // AddOrgCommand adds a new organization.
-// // I'm unsure if we should add the Admins here or if this should be a separate command.
-// type AddOrgCommand struct {
-// 	ID     string              `json:"id"`
-// 	Name   string              `json:"name"`
-// 	Admins []*AddMemberCommand `json:"admins"`
-// }
+// AddOrgCommand adds a new organization.
+// I'm unsure if we should add the Admins here or if this should be a separate command.
+type AddOrgCommand struct {
+	ID   string `json:"id"`
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+	// Admins []*AddMemberCommand `json:"admins"`
+}
 
 // func NewAddOrgCommand(name string, admins ...*AddMemberCommand) *AddOrgCommand {
 // 	return &AddOrgCommand{
@@ -63,17 +64,12 @@ package domain
 // 	return nil
 // }
 
-// // Events implements [eventer].
-// func (cmd *AddOrgCommand) Events() []*eventstore.Event {
-// 	return []*eventstore.Event{
-// 		{
-// 			AggregateType: "org",
-// 			AggregateID:   cmd.ID,
-// 			Type:          "org.added",
-// 			Payload:       cmd,
-// 		},
-// 	}
-// }
+// Events implements [eventer].
+func (cmd *AddOrgCommand) Events(ctx context.Context) []legacy_es.Command {
+	return []legacy_es.Command{
+		org.NewOrgAddedEvent(ctx, &org.NewAggregate(cmd.ID).Aggregate, cmd.Name),
+	}
+}
 
 // var (
 // 	_ Commander = (*AddOrgCommand)(nil)
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/database.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/database.go
index 00a852e7a..7cdeb9c0c 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/database.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/database.go
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ type Pool interface {
 
 	Acquire(ctx context.Context) (Client, error)
 	Close(ctx context.Context) error
+
+	Ping(ctx context.Context) error
 }
 
 type PoolTest interface {
@@ -27,6 +29,8 @@ type Client interface {
 	Migrator
 
 	Release(ctx context.Context) error
+
+	Ping(ctx context.Context) error
 }
 
 // Querier is a database client that can execute queries and return rows.
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/conn.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/conn.go
index a556b7a54..a86396926 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/conn.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/conn.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (c *pgxConn) Begin(ctx context.Context, opts *database.TransactionOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
 	}
-	return &pgxTx{tx}, nil
+	return &Transaction{tx}, nil
 }
 
 // Query implements sql.Client.
@@ -56,6 +56,11 @@ func (c *pgxConn) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, err
 	return res.RowsAffected(), nil
 }
 
+// Ping implements [database.Pool].
+func (c *pgxConn) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return wrapError(c.Conn.Ping(ctx))
+}
+
 // Migrate implements [database.Migrator].
 func (c *pgxConn) Migrate(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if isMigrated {
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/pool.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/pool.go
index bf4ca44c3..07cba119b 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/pool.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/pool.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func (c *pgxPool) Begin(ctx context.Context, opts *database.TransactionOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
 	}
-	return &pgxTx{tx}, nil
+	return &Transaction{tx}, nil
 }
 
 // Close implements [database.Pool].
@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ func (c *pgxPool) Close(_ context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Ping implements [database.Pool].
+func (c *pgxPool) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return wrapError(c.Pool.Ping(ctx))
+}
+
 // Migrate implements [database.Migrator].
 func (c *pgxPool) Migrate(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if isMigrated {
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/tx.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/tx.go
index 6a330c16b..0eace4140 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/tx.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres/tx.go
@@ -9,24 +9,30 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 )
 
-type pgxTx struct{ pgx.Tx }
+type Transaction struct{ pgx.Tx }
 
-var _ database.Transaction = (*pgxTx)(nil)
+func PGxTx(tx pgx.Tx) *Transaction {
+	return &Transaction{
+		Tx: tx,
+	}
+}
+
+var _ database.Transaction = (*Transaction)(nil)
 
 // Commit implements [database.Transaction].
-func (tx *pgxTx) Commit(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) Commit(ctx context.Context) error {
 	err := tx.Tx.Commit(ctx)
 	return wrapError(err)
 }
 
 // Rollback implements [database.Transaction].
-func (tx *pgxTx) Rollback(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) Rollback(ctx context.Context) error {
 	err := tx.Tx.Rollback(ctx)
 	return wrapError(err)
 }
 
 // End implements [database.Transaction].
-func (tx *pgxTx) End(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) End(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(ctx)
 		if rollbackErr != nil {
@@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ func (tx *pgxTx) End(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
 
 // Query implements [database.Transaction].
 // Subtle: this method shadows the method (Tx).Query of pgxTx.Tx.
-func (tx *pgxTx) Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (database.Rows, error) {
+func (tx *Transaction) Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (database.Rows, error) {
 	rows, err := tx.Tx.Query(ctx, sql, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
@@ -49,13 +55,13 @@ func (tx *pgxTx) Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (database.R
 
 // QueryRow implements [database.Transaction].
 // Subtle: this method shadows the method (Tx).QueryRow of pgxTx.Tx.
-func (tx *pgxTx) QueryRow(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) database.Row {
+func (tx *Transaction) QueryRow(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) database.Row {
 	return &Row{tx.Tx.QueryRow(ctx, sql, args...)}
 }
 
 // Exec implements [database.Transaction].
 // Subtle: this method shadows the method (Pool).Exec of pgxPool.Pool.
-func (tx *pgxTx) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, error) {
+func (tx *Transaction) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, error) {
 	res, err := tx.Tx.Exec(ctx, sql, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, wrapError(err)
@@ -65,12 +71,12 @@ func (tx *pgxTx) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, erro
 
 // Begin implements [database.Transaction].
 // As postgres does not support nested transactions we use savepoints to emulate them.
-func (tx *pgxTx) Begin(ctx context.Context) (database.Transaction, error) {
+func (tx *Transaction) Begin(ctx context.Context) (database.Transaction, error) {
 	savepoint, err := tx.Tx.Begin(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
 	}
-	return &pgxTx{savepoint}, nil
+	return &Transaction{savepoint}, nil
 }
 
 func transactionOptionsToPgx(opts *database.TransactionOptions) pgx.TxOptions {
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/conn.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/conn.go
index 40749f690..2a4e4c91b 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/conn.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/conn.go
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ type sqlConn struct {
 	*sql.Conn
 }
 
+func SQLConn(conn *sql.Conn) database.Client {
+	return &sqlConn{Conn: conn}
+}
+
 var _ database.Client = (*sqlConn)(nil)
 
 // Release implements [database.Client].
@@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ func (c *sqlConn) Begin(ctx context.Context, opts *database.TransactionOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
 	}
-	return &sqlTx{tx}, nil
+	return &Transaction{tx}, nil
 }
 
 // Query implements sql.Client.
@@ -54,6 +58,11 @@ func (c *sqlConn) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, err
 	return res.RowsAffected()
 }
 
+// Ping implements [database.Pool].
+func (c *sqlConn) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return wrapError(c.PingContext(ctx))
+}
+
 // Migrate implements [database.Migrator].
 func (c *sqlConn) Migrate(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return ErrMigrate
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/pool.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/pool.go
index 1bab0dd39..2d37520be 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/pool.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/pool.go
@@ -61,7 +61,12 @@ func (c *sqlPool) Begin(ctx context.Context, opts *database.TransactionOptions)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
 	}
-	return &sqlTx{tx}, nil
+	return &Transaction{tx}, nil
+}
+
+// Ping implements [database.Pool].
+func (c *sqlPool) Ping(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return wrapError(c.PingContext(ctx))
 }
 
 // Close implements [database.Pool].
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/tx.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/tx.go
index 46b7cf5ad..279f156a2 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/tx.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql/tx.go
@@ -8,28 +8,28 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 )
 
-type sqlTx struct{ *sql.Tx }
+type Transaction struct{ *sql.Tx }
 
-var _ database.Transaction = (*sqlTx)(nil)
+var _ database.Transaction = (*Transaction)(nil)
 
-func SQLTx(tx *sql.Tx) *sqlTx {
-	return &sqlTx{
+func SQLTx(tx *sql.Tx) *Transaction {
+	return &Transaction{
 		Tx: tx,
 	}
 }
 
 // Commit implements [database.Transaction].
-func (tx *sqlTx) Commit(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) Commit(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return wrapError(tx.Tx.Commit())
 }
 
 // Rollback implements [database.Transaction].
-func (tx *sqlTx) Rollback(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) Rollback(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return wrapError(tx.Tx.Rollback())
 }
 
 // End implements [database.Transaction].
-func (tx *sqlTx) End(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
+func (tx *Transaction) End(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		rollbackErr := tx.Rollback(ctx)
 		if rollbackErr != nil {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func (tx *sqlTx) End(ctx context.Context, err error) error {
 
 // Query implements [database.Transaction].
 // Subtle: this method shadows the method (Tx).Query of pgxTx.Tx.
-func (tx *sqlTx) Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (database.Rows, error) {
+func (tx *Transaction) Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (database.Rows, error) {
 	//nolint:rowserrcheck // Rows.Close is called by the caller
 	rows, err := tx.QueryContext(ctx, sql, args...)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -53,13 +53,13 @@ func (tx *sqlTx) Query(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (database.R
 
 // QueryRow implements [database.Transaction].
 // Subtle: this method shadows the method (Tx).QueryRow of pgxTx.Tx.
-func (tx *sqlTx) QueryRow(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) database.Row {
+func (tx *Transaction) QueryRow(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) database.Row {
 	return &Row{tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, sql, args...)}
 }
 
 // Exec implements [database.Transaction].
 // Subtle: this method shadows the method (Pool).Exec of pgxPool.Pool.
-func (tx *sqlTx) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, error) {
+func (tx *Transaction) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, error) {
 	res, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, sql, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, wrapError(err)
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (tx *sqlTx) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, args ...any) (int64, erro
 
 // Begin implements [database.Transaction].
 // As postgres does not support nested transactions we use savepoints to emulate them.
-func (tx *sqlTx) Begin(ctx context.Context) (database.Transaction, error) {
+func (tx *Transaction) Begin(ctx context.Context) (database.Transaction, error) {
 	_, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, createSavepoint)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, wrapError(err)
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/database/errors.go b/backend/v3/storage/database/errors.go
index d51d28aa5..418019fd3 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/database/errors.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/database/errors.go
@@ -95,6 +95,10 @@ func (e *IntegrityViolationError) Is(target error) bool {
 	return ok
 }
 
+func (e *IntegrityViolationError) Unwrap() error {
+	return e.original
+}
+
 // CheckError is returned when a check constraint fails.
 // It wraps the [IntegrityViolationError] to provide more context.
 // It is used to indicate that a check constraint was violated during an insert or update operation.
diff --git a/backend/v3/storage/eventstore/event.go b/backend/v3/storage/eventstore/event.go
index 4a52bc860..88881c206 100644
--- a/backend/v3/storage/eventstore/event.go
+++ b/backend/v3/storage/eventstore/event.go
@@ -4,21 +4,15 @@ import (
 	"context"
 
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 )
 
-type Event struct {
-	AggregateType string `json:"aggregateType"`
-	AggregateID   string `json:"aggregateId"`
-	Type          string `json:"type"`
-	Payload       any    `json:"payload,omitempty"`
+type LegacyEventstore interface {
+	PushWithNewClient(ctx context.Context, client database.QueryExecutor, commands ...eventstore.Command) ([]eventstore.Event, error)
 }
 
-func Publish(ctx context.Context, events []*Event, db database.Executor) error {
-	for _, event := range events {
-		_, err := db.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO events (aggregate_type, aggregate_id) VALUES ($1, $2)`, event.AggregateType, event.AggregateID)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
+// Publish writes events to the eventstore using the provided pusher and database client.
+func Publish(ctx context.Context, es LegacyEventstore, client database.QueryExecutor, commands ...eventstore.Command) error {
+	_, err := es.PushWithNewClient(ctx, client, commands...)
+	return err
 }
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/eventstore.go b/internal/eventstore/eventstore.go
index 8a8d32bc4..b9be38e8c 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/eventstore.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/eventstore.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package eventstore
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"sort"
 	"time"
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/shopspring/decimal"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
 
+	new_db "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	new_sql "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/authz"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/zerrors"
@@ -91,6 +94,19 @@ func (es *Eventstore) Push(ctx context.Context, cmds ...Command) ([]Event, error
 // PushWithClient pushes the events in a single transaction using the provided database client
 // an event needs at least an aggregate
 func (es *Eventstore) PushWithClient(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExecuter, cmds ...Command) ([]Event, error) {
+	var dbClient new_db.QueryExecutor
+	switch client := client.(type) {
+	case *sql.DB:
+		dbClient = new_sql.SQLPool(client)
+	case *sql.Tx:
+		dbClient = new_sql.SQLTx(client)
+	case *sql.Conn:
+		dbClient = new_sql.SQLConn(client)
+	}
+	return es.PushWithNewClient(ctx, dbClient, cmds...)
+}
+
+func (es *Eventstore) PushWithNewClient(ctx context.Context, client new_db.QueryExecutor, cmds ...Command) ([]Event, error) {
 	if es.PushTimeout > 0 {
 		var cancel func()
 		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, es.PushTimeout)
@@ -108,7 +124,7 @@ retry:
 	for i := 0; i <= es.maxRetries; i++ {
 		events, err = es.pusher.Push(ctx, client, cmds...)
 		// if there is a transaction passed the calling function needs to retry
-		if _, ok := client.(database.Tx); ok {
+		if _, ok := client.(new_db.Transaction); ok {
 			break retry
 		}
 		var pgErr *pgconn.PgError
@@ -284,9 +300,7 @@ type Pusher interface {
 	// Health checks if the connection to the storage is available
 	Health(ctx context.Context) error
 	// Push stores the actions
-	Push(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExecuter, commands ...Command) (_ []Event, err error)
-	// Client returns the underlying database connection
-	Client() *database.DB
+	Push(ctx context.Context, client new_db.QueryExecutor, commands ...Command) (_ []Event, err error)
 }
 
 type FillFieldsEvent interface {
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/eventstore_bench_test.go b/internal/eventstore/eventstore_bench_test.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 582391e09..000000000
--- a/internal/eventstore/eventstore_bench_test.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
-package eventstore_test
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	_ "embed"
-	"fmt"
-	"strconv"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
-)
-
-//go:embed bench_payload.txt
-var text string
-
-func Benchmark_Push_SameAggregate(b *testing.B) {
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	smallPayload := struct {
-		Username  string
-		Firstname string
-		Lastname  string
-	}{
-		Username:  "username",
-		Firstname: "firstname",
-		Lastname:  "lastname",
-	}
-
-	bigPayload := struct {
-		Username  string
-		Firstname string
-		Lastname  string
-		Text      string
-	}{
-		Username:  "username",
-		Firstname: "firstname",
-		Lastname:  "lastname",
-		Text:      text,
-	}
-
-	commands := map[string][]eventstore.Command{
-		"no payload one command": {
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id"),
-		},
-		"small payload one command": {
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id", withTestData(smallPayload)),
-		},
-		"big payload one command": {
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id", withTestData(bigPayload)),
-		},
-		"no payload multiple commands": {
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id"),
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id"),
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id"),
-		},
-		"mixed payload multiple command": {
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id", withTestData(smallPayload)),
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id", withTestData(bigPayload)),
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id", withTestData(smallPayload)),
-			generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), "id", withTestData(bigPayload)),
-		},
-	}
-
-	for cmdsKey, cmds := range commands {
-		for pusherKey, store := range pushers {
-			b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Benchmark_Push_SameAggregate-%s-%s", pusherKey, cmdsKey), func(b *testing.B) {
-				b.StopTimer()
-				cleanupEventstore(clients[pusherKey])
-				b.StartTimer()
-
-				for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-					_, err := store.Push(ctx, store.Client().DB, cmds...)
-					if err != nil {
-						b.Error(err)
-					}
-				}
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func Benchmark_Push_MultipleAggregate_Parallel(b *testing.B) {
-	smallPayload := struct {
-		Username  string
-		Firstname string
-		Lastname  string
-	}{
-		Username:  "username",
-		Firstname: "firstname",
-		Lastname:  "lastname",
-	}
-
-	bigPayload := struct {
-		Username  string
-		Firstname string
-		Lastname  string
-		Text      string
-	}{
-		Username:  "username",
-		Firstname: "firstname",
-		Lastname:  "lastname",
-		Text:      text,
-	}
-
-	commandCreators := map[string]func(id string) []eventstore.Command{
-		"no payload one command": func(id string) []eventstore.Command {
-			return []eventstore.Command{
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id),
-			}
-		},
-		"small payload one command": func(id string) []eventstore.Command {
-			return []eventstore.Command{
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id, withTestData(smallPayload)),
-			}
-		},
-		"big payload one command": func(id string) []eventstore.Command {
-			return []eventstore.Command{
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id, withTestData(bigPayload)),
-			}
-		},
-		"no payload multiple commands": func(id string) []eventstore.Command {
-			return []eventstore.Command{
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id),
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id),
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id),
-			}
-		},
-		"mixed payload multiple command": func(id string) []eventstore.Command {
-			return []eventstore.Command{
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id, withTestData(smallPayload)),
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id, withTestData(bigPayload)),
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id, withTestData(smallPayload)),
-				generateCommand(eventstore.AggregateType(b.Name()), id, withTestData(bigPayload)),
-			}
-		},
-	}
-
-	for cmdsKey, commandCreator := range commandCreators {
-		for pusherKey, store := range pushers {
-			b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Benchmark_Push_DifferentAggregate-%s-%s", cmdsKey, pusherKey), func(b *testing.B) {
-				b.StopTimer()
-				cleanupEventstore(clients[pusherKey])
-
-				ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-				b.StartTimer()
-
-				i := 0
-
-				b.RunParallel(func(p *testing.PB) {
-					for p.Next() {
-						i++
-						_, err := store.Push(ctx, store.Client().DB, commandCreator(strconv.Itoa(i))...)
-						if err != nil {
-							b.Error(err)
-						}
-					}
-				})
-				cancel()
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/eventstore_test.go b/internal/eventstore/eventstore_test.go
index 5452572fa..626e5d73a 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/eventstore_test.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/eventstore_test.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
 	"github.com/shopspring/decimal"
 
+	new_db "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/authz"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/service"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
@@ -348,7 +349,7 @@ func (repo *testPusher) Health(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (repo *testPusher) Push(_ context.Context, _ database.ContextQueryExecuter, commands ...Command) (events []Event, err error) {
+func (repo *testPusher) Push(_ context.Context, _ new_db.QueryExecutor, commands ...Command) (events []Event, err error) {
 	if len(repo.errs) != 0 {
 		err, repo.errs = repo.errs[0], repo.errs[1:]
 		return nil, err
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/repository/mock/repository.mock.go b/internal/eventstore/repository/mock/repository.mock.go
index 12925bc97..43c006c7b 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/repository/mock/repository.mock.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/repository/mock/repository.mock.go
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ import (
 	reflect "reflect"
 
 	decimal "github.com/shopspring/decimal"
-	database "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
+	database "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	database0 "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	eventstore "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 	gomock "go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 )
@@ -43,10 +44,10 @@ func (m *MockQuerier) EXPECT() *MockQuerierMockRecorder {
 }
 
 // Client mocks base method.
-func (m *MockQuerier) Client() *database.DB {
+func (m *MockQuerier) Client() *database0.DB {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Client")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*database.DB)
+	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*database0.DB)
 	return ret0
 }
 
@@ -137,20 +138,6 @@ func (m *MockPusher) EXPECT() *MockPusherMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }
 
-// Client mocks base method.
-func (m *MockPusher) Client() *database.DB {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Client")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(*database.DB)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// Client indicates an expected call of Client.
-func (mr *MockPusherMockRecorder) Client() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Client", reflect.TypeOf((*MockPusher)(nil).Client))
-}
-
 // Health mocks base method.
 func (m *MockPusher) Health(arg0 context.Context) error {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
@@ -166,7 +153,7 @@ func (mr *MockPusherMockRecorder) Health(arg0 any) *gomock.Call {
 }
 
 // Push mocks base method.
-func (m *MockPusher) Push(arg0 context.Context, arg1 database.ContextQueryExecuter, arg2 ...eventstore.Command) ([]eventstore.Event, error) {
+func (m *MockPusher) Push(arg0 context.Context, arg1 database.QueryExecutor, arg2 ...eventstore.Command) ([]eventstore.Event, error) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	varargs := []any{arg0, arg1}
 	for _, a := range arg2 {
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/repository/sql/query_test.go b/internal/eventstore/repository/sql/query_test.go
index 641ff952d..16e2ad66f 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/repository/sql/query_test.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/repository/sql/query_test.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/shopspring/decimal"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 
+	new_sql "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	db_mock "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database/mock"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database/postgres"
@@ -646,7 +647,7 @@ func Test_query_events_with_postgres(t *testing.T) {
 
 			pusher := new_es.NewEventstore(dbClient)
 			// setup initial data for query
-			if _, err := pusher.Push(context.Background(), dbClient.DB, tt.fields.existingEvents...); err != nil {
+			if _, err := pusher.Push(context.Background(), new_sql.SQLPool(dbClient.DB), tt.fields.existingEvents...); err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("error in setup = %v", err)
 				return
 			}
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/eventstore.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/eventstore.go
index 26400c037..884cb3e5a 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/eventstore.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/eventstore.go
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
 
+	new_db "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	new_sql "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database/dialect"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 type Eventstore struct {
-	client *database.DB
+	client new_db.Pool
 	queue  eventstore.ExecutionQueue
 }
 
@@ -153,14 +155,9 @@ func RegisterEventstoreTypes(ctx context.Context, conn *pgx.Conn) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Client implements the [eventstore.Pusher]
-func (es *Eventstore) Client() *database.DB {
-	return es.client
-}
-
 func NewEventstore(client *database.DB, opts ...EventstoreOption) *Eventstore {
 	es := &Eventstore{
-		client: client,
+		client: new_sql.SQLPool(client.DB),
 	}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		opt(es)
@@ -169,7 +166,7 @@ func NewEventstore(client *database.DB, opts ...EventstoreOption) *Eventstore {
 }
 
 func (es *Eventstore) Health(ctx context.Context) error {
-	return es.client.PingContext(ctx)
+	return es.client.Ping(ctx)
 }
 
 var errTypesNotFound = errors.New("types not found")
@@ -188,24 +185,24 @@ func CheckExecutionPlan(ctx context.Context, conn *sql.Conn) error {
 	})
 }
 
-func (es *Eventstore) pushTx(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExecuter) (tx database.Tx, deferrable func(err error) error, err error) {
-	tx, ok := client.(database.Tx)
+func (es *Eventstore) pushTx(ctx context.Context, client new_db.QueryExecutor) (tx new_db.Transaction, deferrable func(err error) error, err error) {
+	tx, ok := client.(new_db.Transaction)
 	if ok {
 		return tx, nil, nil
 	}
-	beginner, ok := client.(database.Beginner)
+	beginner, ok := client.(new_db.Beginner)
 	if !ok {
 		beginner = es.client
 	}
 
-	tx, err = beginner.BeginTx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{
-		Isolation: sql.LevelReadCommitted,
-		ReadOnly:  false,
+	tx, err = beginner.Begin(ctx, &new_db.TransactionOptions{
+		IsolationLevel: new_db.IsolationLevelReadCommitted,
+		AccessMode:     new_db.AccessModeReadWrite,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
-	return tx, func(err error) error { return database.CloseTransaction(tx, err) }, nil
+	return tx, func(err error) error { return tx.End(ctx, err) }, nil
 }
 
 type EventstoreOption func(*Eventstore)
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/field.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/field.go
index e8f761d41..58471b0db 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/field.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/field.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package eventstore
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	_ "embed"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"reflect"
@@ -10,8 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/authz"
-	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/telemetry/tracing"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/zerrors"
@@ -29,16 +28,12 @@ func (es *Eventstore) FillFields(ctx context.Context, events ...eventstore.FillF
 	ctx, span := tracing.NewSpan(ctx)
 	defer span.End()
 
-	tx, err := es.client.BeginTx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{Isolation: sql.LevelReadCommitted})
+	tx, err := es.client.Begin(ctx, &database.TransactionOptions{IsolationLevel: database.IsolationLevelReadCommitted})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		if err != nil {
-			_ = tx.Rollback()
-			return
-		}
-		err = tx.Commit()
+		err = tx.End(ctx, err)
 	}()
 
 	return handleFieldFillEvents(ctx, tx, events)
@@ -52,40 +47,39 @@ func (es *Eventstore) Search(ctx context.Context, conditions ...map[eventstore.F
 	var builder strings.Builder
 	args := buildSearchStatement(ctx, &builder, conditions...)
 
-	err = es.client.QueryContext(
+	rows, err := es.client.Query(
 		ctx,
-		func(rows *sql.Rows) error {
-			for rows.Next() {
-				var (
-					res   eventstore.SearchResult
-					value fieldValue
-				)
-				err = rows.Scan(
-					&res.Aggregate.InstanceID,
-					&res.Aggregate.ResourceOwner,
-					&res.Aggregate.Type,
-					&res.Aggregate.ID,
-					&res.Object.Type,
-					&res.Object.ID,
-					&res.Object.Revision,
-					&res.FieldName,
-					&value.value,
-				)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				res.Value = &value
-
-				result = append(result, &res)
-			}
-			return nil
-		},
 		builder.String(),
 		args...,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var (
+			res   eventstore.SearchResult
+			value fieldValue
+		)
+		err = rows.Scan(
+			&res.Aggregate.InstanceID,
+			&res.Aggregate.ResourceOwner,
+			&res.Aggregate.Type,
+			&res.Aggregate.ID,
+			&res.Object.Type,
+			&res.Object.ID,
+			&res.Object.Revision,
+			&res.FieldName,
+			&value.value,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		res.Value = &value
+
+		result = append(result, &res)
+	}
 
 	return result, nil
 }
@@ -143,7 +137,7 @@ func buildSearchCondition(builder *strings.Builder, index int, conditions map[ev
 	return args
 }
 
-func (es *Eventstore) handleFieldCommands(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eventstore.Command) error {
+func (es *Eventstore) handleFieldCommands(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, commands []eventstore.Command) error {
 	for _, command := range commands {
 		if len(command.Fields()) > 0 {
 			if err := handleFieldOperations(ctx, tx, command.Fields()); err != nil {
@@ -154,7 +148,7 @@ func (es *Eventstore) handleFieldCommands(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, c
 	return nil
 }
 
-func handleFieldFillEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, events []eventstore.FillFieldsEvent) error {
+func handleFieldFillEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, events []eventstore.FillFieldsEvent) error {
 	for _, event := range events {
 		if len(event.Fields()) == 0 {
 			continue
@@ -166,7 +160,7 @@ func handleFieldFillEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, events []eventst
 	return nil
 }
 
-func handleFieldOperations(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, operations []*eventstore.FieldOperation) error {
+func handleFieldOperations(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, operations []*eventstore.FieldOperation) error {
 	for _, operation := range operations {
 		if operation.Set != nil {
 			if err := handleFieldSet(ctx, tx, operation.Set); err != nil {
@@ -184,7 +178,7 @@ func handleFieldOperations(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, operations []*ev
 	return nil
 }
 
-func handleFieldSet(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, field *eventstore.Field) error {
+func handleFieldSet(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, field *eventstore.Field) error {
 	if len(field.UpsertConflictFields) == 0 {
 		return handleSearchInsert(ctx, tx, field)
 	}
@@ -195,12 +189,12 @@ const (
 	insertField = `INSERT INTO eventstore.fields (instance_id, resource_owner, aggregate_type, aggregate_id, object_type, object_id, object_revision, field_name, value, value_must_be_unique, should_index) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11)`
 )
 
-func handleSearchInsert(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, field *eventstore.Field) error {
+func handleSearchInsert(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, field *eventstore.Field) error {
 	value, err := json.Marshal(field.Value.Value)
 	if err != nil {
 		return zerrors.ThrowInvalidArgument(err, "V3-fcrW1", "unable to marshal field value")
 	}
-	_, err = tx.ExecContext(
+	_, err = tx.Exec(
 		ctx,
 		insertField,
 
@@ -224,13 +218,13 @@ const (
 	fieldsUpsertSuffix = ` RETURNING * ) INSERT INTO eventstore.fields (instance_id, resource_owner, aggregate_type, aggregate_id, object_type, object_id, object_revision, field_name, value, value_must_be_unique, should_index) SELECT $1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM upsert)`
 )
 
-func handleSearchUpsert(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, field *eventstore.Field) error {
+func handleSearchUpsert(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, field *eventstore.Field) error {
 	value, err := json.Marshal(field.Value.Value)
 	if err != nil {
 		return zerrors.ThrowInvalidArgument(err, "V3-fcrW1", "unable to marshal field value")
 	}
 
-	_, err = tx.ExecContext(
+	_, err = tx.Exec(
 		ctx,
 		writeUpsertField(field.UpsertConflictFields),
 
@@ -270,12 +264,12 @@ func writeUpsertField(fields []eventstore.FieldType) string {
 
 const removeSearch = `DELETE FROM eventstore.fields WHERE `
 
-func handleSearchDelete(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, clauses map[eventstore.FieldType]any) error {
+func handleSearchDelete(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, clauses map[eventstore.FieldType]any) error {
 	if len(clauses) == 0 {
 		return zerrors.ThrowInvalidArgument(nil, "V3-oqlBZ", "no conditions")
 	}
 	stmt, args := writeDeleteField(clauses)
-	_, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, stmt, args...)
+	_, err := tx.Exec(ctx, stmt, args...)
 	return err
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/push.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/push.go
index 726b4ca61..c31e9211a 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/push.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/push.go
@@ -2,22 +2,22 @@ package eventstore
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	_ "embed"
 	"fmt"
 
 	"github.com/riverqueue/river"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
 
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/authz"
-	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/queue"
 	exec_repo "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/repository/execution"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/telemetry/tracing"
 )
 
-func (es *Eventstore) Push(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExecuter, commands ...eventstore.Command) (events []eventstore.Event, err error) {
+func (es *Eventstore) Push(ctx context.Context, client database.QueryExecutor, commands ...eventstore.Command) (events []eventstore.Event, err error) {
 	ctx, span := tracing.NewSpan(ctx)
 	defer func() { span.EndWithError(err) }()
 
@@ -29,20 +29,9 @@ func (es *Eventstore) Push(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExec
 	return events, err
 }
 
-func (es *Eventstore) writeCommands(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExecuter, commands []eventstore.Command) (_ []eventstore.Event, err error) {
-	var conn *sql.Conn
-	switch c := client.(type) {
-	case database.Client:
-		conn, err = c.Conn(ctx)
-	case nil:
-		conn, err = es.client.Conn(ctx)
-		client = conn
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if conn != nil {
-		defer conn.Close()
+func (es *Eventstore) writeCommands(ctx context.Context, client database.QueryExecutor, commands []eventstore.Command) (_ []eventstore.Event, err error) {
+	if client == nil {
+		client = es.client
 	}
 
 	tx, close, err := es.pushTx(ctx, client)
@@ -56,7 +45,7 @@ func (es *Eventstore) writeCommands(ctx context.Context, client database.Context
 	}
 
 	// lock the instance for reading events if await events is set for the duration of the transaction.
-	_, err = tx.ExecContext(ctx, "SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock_shared('eventstore.events2'::REGCLASS::OID::INTEGER, hashtext($1))", authz.GetInstance(ctx).InstanceID())
+	_, err = tx.Exec(ctx, "SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock_shared('eventstore.events2'::REGCLASS::OID::INTEGER, hashtext($1))", authz.GetInstance(ctx).InstanceID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -82,7 +71,7 @@ func (es *Eventstore) writeCommands(ctx context.Context, client database.Context
 	return events, nil
 }
 
-func writeEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eventstore.Command) (_ []eventstore.Event, err error) {
+func writeEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, commands []eventstore.Command) (_ []eventstore.Event, err error) {
 	ctx, span := tracing.NewSpan(ctx)
 	defer func() { span.EndWithError(err) }()
 
@@ -91,7 +80,7 @@ func writeEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eventstore.Comm
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	rows, err := tx.QueryContext(ctx, `select owner, created_at, "sequence", position from eventstore.push($1::eventstore.command[])`, cmds)
+	rows, err := tx.Query(ctx, `select owner, created_at, "sequence", position from eventstore.push($1::eventstore.command[])`, cmds)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -110,12 +99,12 @@ func writeEvents(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eventstore.Comm
 	return events, nil
 }
 
-func (es *Eventstore) queueExecutions(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, events []eventstore.Event) error {
+func (es *Eventstore) queueExecutions(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, events []eventstore.Event) error {
 	if es.queue == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	sqlTx, ok := tx.(*sql.Tx)
+	sqlTx, ok := tx.(*sql.Transaction)
 	if !ok {
 		types := make([]string, len(events))
 		for i, event := range events {
@@ -132,7 +121,7 @@ func (es *Eventstore) queueExecutions(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, event
 		return nil
 	}
 	return es.queue.InsertManyFastTx(
-		ctx, sqlTx, jobArgs,
+		ctx, sqlTx.Tx, jobArgs,
 		queue.WithQueueName(exec_repo.QueueName),
 	)
 }
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/push_test.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/push_test.go
index 26905ffb8..4eb4a8283 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/push_test.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/push_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package eventstore
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	_ "embed"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -11,6 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.uber.org/mock/gomock"
 
+	new_db "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
+	new_pg "github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/postgres"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database/dialect/sql"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/authz"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database/postgres"
@@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	type args struct {
 		ctx    context.Context
-		tx     database.Tx
+		tx     new_db.Transaction
 		events []eventstore.Event
 	}
 	tests := []struct {
@@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
 		{
-			name: "incorrect Tx type, noop",
+			name: "no Tx type, noop",
 			queue: func(t *testing.T) eventstore.ExecutionQueue {
 				mQueue := mock.NewMockExecutionQueue(gomock.NewController(t))
 				return mQueue
@@ -290,6 +292,19 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
 		},
+		{
+			name: "incorrect Tx type, noop",
+			queue: func(t *testing.T) eventstore.ExecutionQueue {
+				mQueue := mock.NewMockExecutionQueue(gomock.NewController(t))
+				return mQueue
+			},
+			args: args{
+				ctx:    context.Background(),
+				tx:     new_pg.PGxTx(nil),
+				events: events,
+			},
+			wantErr: false,
+		},
 		{
 			name: "no events",
 			queue: func(t *testing.T) eventstore.ExecutionQueue {
@@ -298,7 +313,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				tx:     &sql.Tx{},
+				tx:     sql.SQLTx(nil),
 				events: []eventstore.Event{},
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
@@ -311,7 +326,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			args: args{
 				ctx:    context.Background(),
-				tx:     &sql.Tx{},
+				tx:     sql.SQLTx(nil),
 				events: events,
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
@@ -331,7 +346,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 						},
 					}),
 				),
-				tx:     &sql.Tx{},
+				tx:     sql.SQLTx(nil),
 				events: events,
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
@@ -360,7 +375,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 						{ExecutionID: "event"},
 					}),
 				),
-				tx:     &sql.Tx{},
+				tx:     sql.SQLTx(nil),
 				events: events,
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
@@ -389,7 +404,7 @@ func TestEventstore_queueExecutions(t *testing.T) {
 						{ExecutionID: "event/ex.removed"},
 					}),
 				),
-				tx:     &sql.Tx{},
+				tx:     sql.SQLTx(nil),
 				events: events,
 			},
 			wantErr: false,
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/push_without_func.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/push_without_func.go
index b94a9e8f5..3386e4f9b 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/push_without_func.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/push_without_func.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
 
-	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/zerrors"
 )
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ var (
 
 // pushWithoutFunc implements pushing events before setup step 39 was introduced.
 // TODO: remove with v3
-func (es *Eventstore) pushWithoutFunc(ctx context.Context, client database.ContextQueryExecuter, commands ...eventstore.Command) (events []eventstore.Event, err error) {
+func (es *Eventstore) pushWithoutFunc(ctx context.Context, client database.QueryExecutor, commands ...eventstore.Command) (events []eventstore.Event, err error) {
 	tx, closeTx, err := es.pushTx(ctx, client)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ func (es *Eventstore) pushWithoutFunc(ctx context.Context, client database.Conte
 	return events, nil
 }
 
-func (es *Eventstore) writeEventsOld(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, sequences []*latestSequence, commands []eventstore.Command) ([]eventstore.Event, error) {
+func (es *Eventstore) writeEventsOld(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, sequences []*latestSequence, commands []eventstore.Command) ([]eventstore.Event, error) {
 	events, placeholders, args, err := mapCommands(commands, sequences)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	rows, err := tx.QueryContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(pushStmt, strings.Join(placeholders, ", ")), args...)
+	rows, err := tx.Query(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(pushStmt, strings.Join(placeholders, ", ")), args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/sequence.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/sequence.go
index 1976af409..8e67b73e2 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/sequence.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/sequence.go
@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@ package eventstore
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"database/sql"
 	_ "embed"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
 
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/api/authz"
-	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/zerrors"
 )
@@ -23,11 +22,11 @@ type latestSequence struct {
 //go:embed sequences_query.sql
 var latestSequencesStmt string
 
-func latestSequences(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eventstore.Command) ([]*latestSequence, error) {
+func latestSequences(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, commands []eventstore.Command) ([]*latestSequence, error) {
 	sequences := commandsToSequences(ctx, commands)
 
 	conditions, args := sequencesToSql(sequences)
-	rows, err := tx.QueryContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(latestSequencesStmt, strings.Join(conditions, " UNION ALL ")), args...)
+	rows, err := tx.Query(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(latestSequencesStmt, strings.Join(conditions, " UNION ALL ")), args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, zerrors.ThrowInternal(err, "V3-5jU5z", "Errors.Internal")
 	}
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ func sequencesToSql(sequences []*latestSequence) (conditions []string, args []an
 	return conditions, args
 }
 
-func scanToSequence(rows *sql.Rows, sequences []*latestSequence) error {
+func scanToSequence(rows database.Rows, sequences []*latestSequence) error {
 	var aggregateType eventstore.AggregateType
 	var aggregateID, instanceID string
 	var currentSequence uint64
diff --git a/internal/eventstore/v3/unique_constraints.go b/internal/eventstore/v3/unique_constraints.go
index a491ae4f5..08c640d46 100644
--- a/internal/eventstore/v3/unique_constraints.go
+++ b/internal/eventstore/v3/unique_constraints.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
 	"github.com/zitadel/logging"
 
-	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/database"
+	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/backend/v3/storage/database"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/eventstore"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/telemetry/tracing"
 	"github.com/zitadel/zitadel/internal/zerrors"
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ var (
 	addConstraintStmt string
 )
 
-func handleUniqueConstraints(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eventstore.Command) (err error) {
+func handleUniqueConstraints(ctx context.Context, tx database.Transaction, commands []eventstore.Command) (err error) {
 	ctx, span := tracing.NewSpan(ctx)
 	defer func() { span.EndWithError(err) }()
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func handleUniqueConstraints(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eve
 	}
 
 	if len(deletePlaceholders) > 0 {
-		_, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(deleteConstraintStmt, strings.Join(deletePlaceholders, " OR ")), deleteArgs...)
+		_, err := tx.Exec(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(deleteConstraintStmt, strings.Join(deletePlaceholders, " OR ")), deleteArgs...)
 		if err != nil {
 			logging.WithError(err).Warn("delete unique constraint failed")
 			errMessage := "Errors.Internal"
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func handleUniqueConstraints(ctx context.Context, tx database.Tx, commands []eve
 		}
 	}
 	if len(addPlaceholders) > 0 {
-		_, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(addConstraintStmt, strings.Join(addPlaceholders, ", ")), addArgs...)
+		_, err := tx.Exec(ctx, fmt.Sprintf(addConstraintStmt, strings.Join(addPlaceholders, ", ")), addArgs...)
 		if err != nil {
 			logging.WithError(err).Warn("add unique constraint failed")
 			errMessage := "Errors.Internal"